{"id":39,"date":"2026-11-01T18:42:54","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T18:42:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/climate-and-water\/"},"modified":"2026-11-01T18:42:54","modified_gmt":"2026-11-01T18:42:54","slug":"climate-and-water","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/climate-and-water\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate and water"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"pf\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" data-site=\"\/development\/\" data-net=\"kco\" data-kit=\"d46\" data-kind=\"page\">\n<div class=\"pf-top pf-nv\" data-pf-nav=\"\" data-pf-more=\"More\">\n<a class=\"pf-brand\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/\"><svg class=\"pf-mark pf-mark--kilim\" viewBox=\"-5.6 -5.6 11.2 11.2\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\"><g><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"-5.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-1.5\" y=\"-4.5\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-2.5\" y=\"-3.5\" 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<path d=\"M3 10h18\" \/> <path d=\"M8 14h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M12 14h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M16 14h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M8 18h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M12 18h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M16 18h.01\" \/><\/svg><span>Calendar<\/span><\/a><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-tabbar__menu\" data-pf-tabmenu=\"\" aria-controls=\"pf-nv-menu\" hidden><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><line x1=\"4\" x2=\"20\" y1=\"12\" y2=\"12\" \/> <line x1=\"4\" x2=\"20\" y1=\"6\" y2=\"6\" \/> <line x1=\"4\" x2=\"20\" y1=\"18\" y2=\"18\" \/><\/svg><span>Menu<\/span><\/button><\/nav><div class=\"pf-canvas\"><nav class=\"pf-crumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/\">KCO<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/\">Development<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/preparedness\/\">Preparedness and resilience<\/a><\/li><li aria-current=\"page\">Climate and water<\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<header class=\"pf-hero\">\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__art\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"pf-rule-art pf-rule-art--wave\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 48\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M0,47L0,32.6L20,28.3L40,24.2L60,20.2L80,16.6L100,13.6L120,11.4L140,10L160,9.5L180,9.9L200,11.2L220,13.3L240,16.1L260,19.4L280,23.1L300,26.9L320,30.8L340,34.5L360,37.9L380,40.9L400,43.4L420,45.5L440,46.9L460,45.7L480,44.8L500,44L520,43.4L540,42.6L560,41.8L580,40.6L600,39.2L620,37.4L640,35.4L660,33.2L680,30.8L700,28.5L720,26.3L740,24.4L760,23.1L780,22.3L800,22.2L820,23L840,24.5L860,26.9L880,30L900,33.7L920,37.9L940,42.3L960,46.9L980,42.6L1000,38.5L1020,34.8L1040,31.7L1060,29.3L1080,27.7L1100,26.8L1120,26.7L1140,27.3L1160,28.4L1180,29.9L1200,31.6\"\/><path 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d=\"M0,47L0,41.2L20,43.7L40,46L60,46L80,44.4L100,43.3L120,42.6L140,42.4L160,42.6L180,42.9L200,43.4L220,43.9L240,44.5L260,44.9L280,45.4L300,45.9L320,46.5L340,46.8L360,45.9L380,44.7L400,43.4L420,41.9L440,40.5L460,39.1L480,38.1L500,37.5L520,37.5L540,38.2L560,39.5L580,41.5L600,44L620,46.9L640,44.1L660,41.1L680,38.5L700,36.4L720,35L740,34.3L760,34.4L780,35.2L800,36.6L820,38.5L840,40.6L860,42.7L880,44.7L900,46.5L920,46.1L940,45L960,44.4L980,44L1000,43.9L1020,44L1040,44.1L1060,44.2L1080,44.3L1100,44.5L1120,44.7L1140,45L1160,45.6L1180,46.4L1200,46.5\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__text\">\n    <p class=\"pf-eyebrow\"><span>Development<\/span><\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"pf-h1\">Climate and water<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"pf-lede\">Water and heat shape life across Kurdistan, from the Tigris and Euphrates to Lake Urmia and the Zagros forests. This programme explains these risks in words and points to the sources.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"pf-actions\"><a class=\"pf-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/join\/\">Register interest<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/\">All of Development<\/a><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  \n<\/header><div class=\"pf-strip\"><dl class=\"pf-signals\"><div class=\"pf-signal pf-signal--text\"><dt>Status<\/dt><dd>In preparation<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-signal\"><dt>What it offers<\/dt><dd>4<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-signal\"><dt>Courses<\/dt><dd>4<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-signal\"><dt>Country programmes<\/dt><dd>35<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div>\n<aside class=\"pf-note pf-note--pending\" role=\"note\"><p>In preparation. Nothing here is running yet. Register interest to take part when it opens.<\/p><\/aside>\n<details class=\"pf-notice\" id=\"before-you-begin\" data-pf-notice=\"programme\"><summary class=\"pf-notice__sum\"><span class=\"pf-notice__k\">Before you begin<\/span> <span class=\"pf-notice__line\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization is a federation of communities that learn from one another. It is not a university, claims no public authority and serves no government, party or faith body.<\/span><span class=\"pf-notice__tags\"><span class=\"pf-notice__tag\">Contested subject<\/span><span class=\"pf-notice__tag\">Safety<\/span><\/span><\/summary><div class=\"pf-notice__body\">\n<p class=\"pf-notice__lead\">Courses are written and reviewed by peers. Outlines are drafts until expert review.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"pf-notice__h\">In context<\/h3><ul class=\"pf-notice__ctx\" role=\"list\"><li data-pf-context=\"contested\"><strong>Contested subject<\/strong> <span>This subject is contested. Every side is shown with its sources, and nothing here endorses a position.<\/span><\/li><li data-pf-context=\"safety\"><strong>Safety<\/strong> <span>Safety guidance here is general. Your risk depends on who you are and where you are. Protected participation explains how members are protected.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/protected-participation\/\">Protected participation<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<div data-pf-notice-evidence=\"\"><h3 class=\"pf-notice__h\">How this page handles evidence<\/h3><p>Every figure carries its measure, year, source and label. Unknown is shown as unknown.<\/p><dl class=\"pf-notice__labels\"><div><dt><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">Verified<\/span><\/dt><dd>A label: the item matches its primary record, such as the official table or the Crossref entry.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--secondary\">Secondary source<\/span><\/dt><dd>A label: the figure comes from a reliable report about the source, not from the source itself.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">To verify<\/span><\/dt><dd>A label: the item is listed as found and still needs checking against its source.<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><h4 class=\"pf-notice__h4\">Sources<\/h4><p class=\"pf-notice__small\">Open scholarly records on this subject, from approved indexes. Listed for reference, not yet reviewed.<\/p><ol class=\"pf-notice__srcs\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">Dass Foundation for Research and Development (2026). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.19581174\" rel=\"noopener\">Application of Markov Chain Modeling for Assessing Rainfall Dynamics and Drought Probability in the Kurdistan Region (2026\u20132041)<\/a>. Zenodo. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.19581174\">10.5281\/zenodo.19581174<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">Department of Water Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, Zhian Ahmed, Jehan Suleimany (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17656\/sjes.102006\" rel=\"noopener\">The Drought Hazard and Drought Risk Indices for Mandawa Basins in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region<\/a>. Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17656\/sjes.102006\">10.17656\/sjes.102006<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">Unknown Author (2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26750\/axbqmf68\" rel=\"noopener\">Geographical Analysis of Dams and Lakes and Their Role in Developing Water Tourism in The Kurdistan Region of Iraq<\/a>. Journal of Raparin University. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26750\/axbqmf68\">10.26750\/axbqmf68<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">M. Ahmadi, H. Ramezani Etedali, A. Kaviai et al. (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47176\/jwss.27.1.50621\" rel=\"noopener\">Evaluation of TRMM and ECMWF Data for Drought Time Monitoring (Case Study: Kurdistan Province)<\/a>. Journal of Water and Soil Science. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47176\/jwss.27.1.50621\">10.47176\/jwss.27.1.50621<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">Shevan Jameel Jirjees (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21271\/zjpas.36.5.5\" rel=\"noopener\">Climatic Parameters Use for Evaluating Water Budget and Drought Analysis in Erbil Sub-basin, Kurdistan Region, Northern-Iraq<\/a>. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21271\/zjpas.36.5.5\">10.21271\/zjpas.36.5.5<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"pf-notice__cite\"><a href=\"#cite\">Cite this page<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"pf-notice__h\">Perspectives and disputes<\/h3><p>Contested subjects show every side with sources. Nothing here endorses a position.<\/p><p class=\"pf-notice__small\">A map of the main positions, each with its own sources, is in preparation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"pf-notice__foot\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/news\/corrections\/\">Report an error<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/about-this-network\/\">What we are and are not<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/details>\n<nav class=\"pf-toc\" aria-label=\"On this page\"><p class=\"pf-toc__h\">On this page<\/p><ol><li><a href=\"#s1\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">01<\/span><span>What it offers<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s2\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">02<\/span><span>Who it is for<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s3\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">03<\/span><span>How it works<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s4\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">04<\/span><span>What it always keeps<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s5\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">05<\/span><span>Courses<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s6\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">06<\/span><span>More in Development<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s7\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">07<\/span><span>Learn in the Academy<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s8\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">08<\/span><span>Research and sources<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s1\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">01<\/span>What it offers<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-features\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-feature\"><span class=\"pf-feature__n\">01<\/span><h3 class=\"pf-feature__title\">Rivers and dams<\/h3><p class=\"pf-feature__text\">How dams on the Tigris and Euphrates affect people upstream and downstream, with every side&#8217;s view.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-feature\"><span class=\"pf-feature__n\">02<\/span><h3 class=\"pf-feature__title\">Drought<\/h3><p class=\"pf-feature__text\">What drought means for farms, springs and villages.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-feature\"><span class=\"pf-feature__n\">03<\/span><h3 class=\"pf-feature__title\">Heat and dust<\/h3><p class=\"pf-feature__text\">How to protect health during heatwaves and dust storms.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-feature\"><span class=\"pf-feature__n\">04<\/span><h3 class=\"pf-feature__title\">Lakes and forests<\/h3><p class=\"pf-feature__text\">The state of Lake Urmia and the Zagros forests, as the sources describe it.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s2\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">02<\/span>Who it is for<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-list\"><li>Farmers and rural families<\/li><li>Students and researchers<\/li><li>Diaspora families with relatives at home<\/li><li>Teachers<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s3\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">03<\/span>How it works<\/h2>\n  \n  <dl class=\"pf-facts\"><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Learn<\/dt><dd>take the courses on water and climate.<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Read<\/dt><dd>follow each guide to its sources.<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Prepare<\/dt><dd>use the heat and dust advice.<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Discuss<\/dt><dd>raise questions in a moderated session.<\/dd><\/div><\/dl>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s4\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">04<\/span>What it always keeps<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-outcomes\"><li>No figure is shown without its measure, year and source<\/li><li>Contested water questions show every side<\/li><li>No state or actor is blamed without sources<\/li><li>Unknown is shown as unknown<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s5\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">05<\/span>Courses<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-cards pf-cards--3\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-card\" data-school=\"risk-resilience\" data-faculty=\"economic-social-development\" data-level=\"F S\" data-wave=\"3\" data-status=\"planned\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\">Climate change adaptation \u00b7 Foundations, Scholar<\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/catalogue\/climate-and-water-risk-in-the-homeland\/\">Climate and water risk in the homeland<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Outline in preparation.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\">Wave 3 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Planned<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\" data-school=\"land-environment\" data-faculty=\"kurdish-studies\" data-level=\"F S\" data-wave=\"3\" data-status=\"planned\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\">Land and environment of Kurdistan \u00b7 Foundations, Scholar<\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/catalogue\/water-and-dams-on-the-tigris-and-euphrates\/\">Water and dams on the Tigris and Euphrates<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Outline in preparation.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\">Wave 3 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Planned<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\" data-school=\"land-environment\" data-faculty=\"kurdish-studies\" data-level=\"F\" data-wave=\"3\" data-status=\"planned\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\">Land and environment of Kurdistan \u00b7 Foundations<\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/catalogue\/lake-urmia\/\">Lake Urmia<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Outline in preparation.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\">Wave 3 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Planned<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\" data-school=\"land-environment\" data-faculty=\"kurdish-studies\" data-level=\"F\" data-wave=\"3\" data-status=\"planned\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\">Land and environment of Kurdistan \u00b7 Foundations<\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/catalogue\/zagros-forests-and-mountain-agriculture\/\">Zagros forests and mountain agriculture<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Outline in preparation.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\">Wave 3 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Planned<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s6\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">06<\/span>More in Development<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-cards pf-cards--3\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">In preparation<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/family-preparedness\/\">Family preparedness<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Plans for emergencies abroad and for relatives at home.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">In preparation<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/continuity\/\">Continuity<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Keeping community organisations running through disruption.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">In preparation<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/earthquakes\/\">Earthquakes<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Seismic risk along the Zagros and Anatolian fault zones, and how to prepare.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">In preparation<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/crisis-information\/\">Crisis information<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Verified information during crises and internet shutdowns.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">In preparation<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/humanitarian-coordination\/\">Humanitarian coordination<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">How humanitarian aid reaches people, and how to give through lawful, open channels.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">In preparation<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/displacement-and-return\/\">Displacement and return<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Information for displaced people and for those helping them.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section><details class=\"pf-cite\" id=\"cite\"><summary>Cite this page<\/summary><div class=\"pf-cite__body\"><dl class=\"pf-cite__list\">\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">APA<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-apa\" translate=\"no\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization. (2026). <i>Climate and water<\/i>. kurds.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/climate-and-water\/\">https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/climate-and-water\/<\/a><\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-apa\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copy<\/span><span hidden>Copied<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">Chicago<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-chicago\" translate=\"no\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization. 2026. \u201cClimate and Water.\u201d kurds.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/climate-and-water\/\">https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/climate-and-water\/<\/a>.<\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-chicago\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copy<\/span><span hidden>Copied<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">BibTeX<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" translate=\"no\">@misc{kco2026_development_climate_and_water,\n\tauthor = {{The Kurdish Cooperation Organization}},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {Licence: CC BY 4.0},\n\ttitle = {Climate and water},\n\turl = {https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/climate-and-water\/},\n\thowpublished = {https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/climate-and-water\/},\n}\n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copy<\/span><span hidden>Copied<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/kurds-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/kco2026_development_climate_and_water.bib\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/kco2026_development_climate_and_water.bib\" download=\"kco2026_development_climate_and_water.bib\">Download <span translate=\"no\">.bib<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">RIS<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-ris\" translate=\"no\">TY  - ELEC\nAU  - The Kurdish Cooperation Organization\nDA  - 2026\/\/\/\nPY  - 2026\nID  - kco2026_development_\nN1  - Licence: CC BY 4.0\nTI  - Climate and water\nUR  - https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/climate-and-water\/\nER  - \n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-ris\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copy<\/span><span hidden>Copied<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/kurds-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/kco2026_development_climate_and_water.ris\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/kco2026_development_climate_and_water.ris\" download=\"kco2026_development_climate_and_water.ris\">Download <span translate=\"no\">.ris<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<\/dl><p class=\"pf-cite__meta\">Licence <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" translate=\"no\" rel=\"license\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s7\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">07<\/span>Learn in the Academy<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">Courses and disciplines of the Academy on the subject of this page.<\/p>\n  <div class=\"pf-acad-rel\" data-pf-academy=\"related\"><div class=\"pf-acad-rel__col\"><h3 class=\"pf-h3\">Courses<\/h3><ul class=\"pf-acad-rel__list\" role=\"list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/catalogue\/climate-and-water-risk-in-the-homeland\/\">Climate and water risk in the homeland<\/a><span class=\"pf-acad-rel__meta\">Climate change adaptation<\/span><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Proposed<\/span><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/catalogue\/water-and-dams-on-the-tigris-and-euphrates\/\">Water and dams on the Tigris and Euphrates<\/a><span class=\"pf-acad-rel__meta\">Land and environment of Kurdistan<\/span><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Proposed<\/span><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/catalogue\/lake-urmia\/\">Lake Urmia<\/a><span class=\"pf-acad-rel__meta\">Land and environment of Kurdistan<\/span><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Proposed<\/span><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/catalogue\/zagros-forests-and-mountain-agriculture\/\">Zagros forests and mountain agriculture<\/a><span class=\"pf-acad-rel__meta\">Land and environment of Kurdistan<\/span><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Proposed<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"pf-acad-rel__col\"><h3 class=\"pf-h3\">Disciplines<\/h3><ul class=\"pf-acad-rel__list\" role=\"list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/disciplines\/climate-adaptation\/\">Climate change adaptation<\/a><span class=\"pf-acad-rel__meta\">Faculty of Economic and Social Development<\/span><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--ok\">Open<\/span><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/disciplines\/kurdistan-land-environment\/\">Land and environment of Kurdistan<\/a><span class=\"pf-acad-rel__meta\">Faculty of Kurdish Studies<\/span><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--ok\">Open<\/span><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/disciplines\/food-technology\/\">Food technology<\/a><span class=\"pf-acad-rel__meta\">Faculty of Engineering and Technology<\/span><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Proposed<\/span><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/disciplines\/pharmacology-pharmacy\/\">Pharmacology and pharmacy<\/a><span class=\"pf-acad-rel__meta\">Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences<\/span><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Proposed<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><p class=\"pf-acad-honest\">A completion record shows what was studied and assessed. It is not a certificate or a qualification.<\/p><p class=\"pf-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/disciplines\/\">All disciplines<\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s8\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">08<\/span>Research and sources<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">Recent and relevant work on this page&#8217;s subject, from approved open scholarly sources. Metadata and links only. Titles stay as published. Not yet reviewed.<\/p>\n  <ol class=\"pf-srchub\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.19581174\" rel=\"noopener\">Application of Markov Chain Modeling for Assessing Rainfall Dynamics and Drought Probability in the Kurdistan Region (2026\u20132041)<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Dass Foundation for Research and Development \u00b7 2026 \u00b7 Zenodo<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DataCite<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY-4.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17656\/sjes.102006\" rel=\"noopener\">The Drought Hazard and Drought Risk Indices for Mandawa Basins in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Department of Water Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, Zhian Ahmed, Jehan Suleimany \u00b7 2025 \u00b7 Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAIRE<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26750\/axbqmf68\" rel=\"noopener\">Geographical Analysis of Dams and Lakes and Their Role in Developing Water Tourism in The Kurdistan Region of Iraq<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Unknown Author \u00b7 2025 \u00b7 Journal of Raparin University<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47176\/jwss.27.1.50621\" rel=\"noopener\">Evaluation of TRMM and ECMWF Data for Drought Time Monitoring (Case Study: Kurdistan Province)<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">M. Ahmadi, H. Ramezani Etedali, A. Kaviai et al. \u00b7 2023 \u00b7 Journal of Water and Soil Science<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DOAJ<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAIRE<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21271\/zjpas.36.5.5\" rel=\"noopener\">Climatic Parameters Use for Evaluating Water Budget and Drought Analysis in Erbil Sub-basin, Kurdistan Region, Northern-Iraq<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Shevan Jameel Jirjees \u00b7 2024 \u00b7 Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DOAJ<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53550\/pr.2022.v41i03.009\" rel=\"noopener\">STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE THE OCCURRENCE OF SAND AND DUST STORMS IN THE KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">ZANIST HAMA-AZIZ \u00b7 2022 \u00b7 Pollution Research<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13580-011-0019-6\" rel=\"noopener\">Response to drought stress of two strawberry cultivars (cv. Kurdistan and Selva)<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Nasser Ghaderi, Adell Siosemardeh \u00b7 2011 \u00b7 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAIRE<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21271\/zjpas.34.6.17\" rel=\"noopener\">Hydrometeorological Data Analysis and Drought Indices of Rawandoz Area, Iraqi-Kurdistan Region<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Shevan J. Jirjees, Imaddadin O. Hassan, Shwan O. Seeyan \u00b7 2022 \u00b7 ZANCO JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DOAJ<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1719584\" rel=\"noopener\">Exposure to climate-related stressors undermines mental health in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: a cross-sectional study.<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Kizilhan JI, Al-Ghurbani S, Uricher J et al. \u00b7 2025 \u00b7 Front Public Health<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Europe PMC<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22111\/gdij.2013.794\" rel=\"noopener\">Effect of Drought on Vegetation Cover Using MODIS Sensing Images Case : Kurdistan Province<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">shosein mirmosavei, hamideh kareimei \u00b7 2013 \u00b7 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DOAJ<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14111502\" rel=\"noopener\">In Vitro Evaluation of Iraqi Kurdistan Tomato Accessions Under Drought Stress Conditions Using Polyethylene Glycol-6000<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Nawroz Abdul-razzak Tahir, Kamaran Salh Rasul, Djshwar Dhahir Lateef et al. \u00b7 2024 \u00b7 Life<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DOAJ<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/eng.2016.810064\" rel=\"noopener\">Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Water Resources of Lesser Zab, Kurdistan, Iraq Using SWAT Model<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Nahlah Abbasa, Saleh A. 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