{"id":170,"date":"2026-11-01T15:24:36","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T15:24:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fr\/timeline\/"},"modified":"2026-11-01T15:24:36","modified_gmt":"2026-11-01T15:24:36","slug":"timeline","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fr\/timeline\/","title":{"rendered":"Timeline"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"pf\" lang=\"fr\" dir=\"ltr\" data-site=\"\/heritage\/\" data-net=\"kco\" data-kit=\"d46\" data-kind=\"page\">\n<div class=\"pf-top pf-nv\" data-pf-nav=\"\" data-pf-more=\"Plus\">\n<a class=\"pf-brand\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/\"><svg class=\"pf-mark pf-mark--kilim\" viewBox=\"-5.6 -5.6 11.2 11.2\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\"><g><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"-5.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-1.5\" y=\"-4.5\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-2.5\" y=\"-3.5\" width=\"5\" height=\"1\" 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height=\"1\" class=\"m0\"\/><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"-2.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-1.5\" y=\"-1.5\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-2.5\" y=\"-0.5\" width=\"5\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-1.5\" y=\"0.5\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"1.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"-0.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m0\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span><b>KCO<\/b><small translate=\"no\">kurds.global<\/small><\/span><\/a><a class=\"pf-nv__site pf-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fr\/\" data-area=\"heritage\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M20 10c0 4.993-5.539 10.193-7.399 11.799a1 1 0 0 1-1.202 0C9.539 20.193 4 14.993 4 10a8 8 0 0 1 16 0\" \/> <circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"10\" r=\"3\" \/><\/svg><span class=\"pf-scope__crumbs\"><b>KCO<\/b><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"m9 18 6-6-6-6\" \/><\/svg><span>Patrimoine<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n<nav class=\"pf-nv__menu\" id=\"pf-nv-menu\" aria-label=\"R\u00e9seau\"><ul class=\"pf-nv__bar\"><li class=\"pf-nv__item\"><details class=\"pf-nv__d\" data-pf-mega=\"network\" data-pf-lazy=\"\"><summary class=\"pf-nv__sum\" aria-controls=\"pf-nv-network\" data-tip=\"R\u00e9seau\"><span>R\u00e9seau<\/span><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect width=\"7\" height=\"7\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"1\" \/> <rect width=\"7\" height=\"7\" x=\"14\" y=\"3\" rx=\"1\" \/> <rect width=\"7\" height=\"7\" x=\"14\" y=\"14\" rx=\"1\" \/> <rect width=\"7\" height=\"7\" x=\"3\" y=\"14\" rx=\"1\" \/><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"pf-nv__panel\" id=\"pf-nv-network\"><div class=\"pf-nv__in pf-nv__in--network\">\n<div class=\"pf-nv__primary\"><p class=\"pf-nv__h\">Domaines<\/p><ol class=\"pf-nv__svcs\"><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"learn\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/fr\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span>Acad\u00e9mie<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">Tous les domaines du savoir, des cours dans toutes les vari\u00e9t\u00e9s du kurde, et des communaut\u00e9s de pratique.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"heritage\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fr\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span>Patrimoine<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">L&#8217;histoire, du Zagros \u00e0 aujourd&#8217;hui, la m\u00e9moire, les religions, les arts, la litt\u00e9rature et la cuisine.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"language\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span>Langues<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">Kurmandji, sorani, zazaki, kurde du Sud et gorani, dans toutes les \u00e9critures.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"research\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/research\/fr\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span>Recherche<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u00c9tudes kurdes : l&#8217;observatoire, des listes de lecture et de nouvelles recherches.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"opportunities\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/opportunities\/fr\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span>Opportunit\u00e9s<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">Moyens de subsistance, comp\u00e9tences, emplois, mentorat et passerelles entre la diaspora et la r\u00e9gion.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"civic\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/civic\/fr\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">06<\/span><span>Vie civique<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u00c9ducation civique, connaissance des droits, aide aux personnes apatrides et dialogue.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"development\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/fr\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">07<\/span><span>D\u00e9veloppement<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">Programmes sociaux, moyens de subsistance et pr\u00e9paration aux catastrophes pour les communaut\u00e9s kurdes.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"news\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/news\/fr\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">08<\/span><span>Actualit\u00e9s et \u00e9v\u00e9nements<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">L&#8217;actualit\u00e9 kurde et r\u00e9gionale, chaque m\u00e9dia \u00e9tant \u00e9tiquet\u00e9, et le calendrier des journ\u00e9es kurdes.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-nv__aside\"><p class=\"pf-nv__h\">KCO<\/p><ul class=\"pf-nv__links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/\">Accueil<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/country-programmes\/\">Programmes nationaux<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/areas\/\">Domaines d&#8217;action<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/calendar\/\">Calendrier<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/the-community\/\">Les communaut\u00e9s kurdes<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/details><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__item\"><details class=\"pf-nv__d\" data-pf-mega=\"countries\" data-pf-lazy=\"\"><summary class=\"pf-nv__sum\" aria-controls=\"pf-nv-countries\" data-tip=\"Programmes nationaux\"><span>Programmes nationaux<\/span><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M21.54 15H17a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v4.54\" \/> <path d=\"M7 3.34V5a3 3 0 0 0 3 3a2 2 0 0 1 2 2c0 1.1.9 2 2 2a2 2 0 0 0 2-2c0-1.1.9-2 2-2h3.17\" \/> <path d=\"M11 21.95V18a2 2 0 0 0-2-2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-1a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2.05\" 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class=\"pf-nv__group\"><ul class=\"pf-nv__links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fr\/timeline\/\" aria-current=\"page\">Chronologie<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fr\/calendar\/\">Calendrier<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fr\/faiths\/\">Croyances<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fr\/arts\/\">Arts<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fr\/literature\/\">Litt\u00e9rature<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fr\/food\/\">Cuisine<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fr\/directory\/\">R\u00e9pertoire<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fr\/take-part\/\">Participer<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/details><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__item\"><details class=\"pf-nv__d\" data-pf-mega=\"about\"><summary class=\"pf-nv__sum\" aria-controls=\"pf-nv-about\" data-tip=\"\u00c0 propos\"><span>\u00c0 propos<\/span><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\" \/> <path d=\"M12 16v-4\" \/> <path d=\"M12 8h.01\" \/><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"pf-nv__panel\" id=\"pf-nv-about\"><div class=\"pf-nv__in pf-nv__in--about\">\n<p class=\"pf-nv__h\">\u00c0 propos<\/p><div class=\"pf-nv__groups\"><div class=\"pf-nv__group\"><p class=\"pf-nv__rh\">\u00c0 propos<\/p><ul class=\"pf-nv__links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/federation\/\">F\u00e9d\u00e9ration<\/a><span class=\"pf-nv__text\">Comment fonctionne la f\u00e9d\u00e9ration<\/span><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/the-community\/\">Les communaut\u00e9s kurdes<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/about-this-network\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u00c0 propos de ce r\u00e9seau : ce que nous sommes et ce que nous ne sommes pas<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" 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Les dates sont approximatives lorsque c&#8217;est indiqu\u00e9.<\/p>\n    \n  <\/div>\n  \n  \n<\/header>\n<aside class=\"pf-note pf-note--pending\" role=\"note\"><p>Chaque \u00e9v\u00e9nement est en cours de r\u00e9f\u00e9rencement et de v\u00e9rification par des relecteurs experts. Les histoires contest\u00e9es pr\u00e9sentent chaque point de vue avec ses sources.<\/p><\/aside>\n<figure class=\"pf-chrono\"><div class=\"pf-chrono__scroll\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 1200 150\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Chronologie des entr\u00e9es ci-dessous, par \u00e9poque\"><g class=\"pf-chrono__era pf-tone-0\"><rect class=\"pf-chrono__band\" x=\"0\" y=\"104\" width=\"148\" height=\"8\" rx=\"2\"><\/rect><a href=\"#ev-gobekli-tepe\" aria-label=\"9500 av. J.-C.\u00a0: G\u00f6bekli Tepe\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"10\" x2=\"10\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"10\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>9500 av. J.-C.\u00a0: G\u00f6bekli Tepe<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-jarmo\" aria-label=\"7000 av. J.-C.\u00a0: Jarmo\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"140\" x2=\"140\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"64\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"140\" cy=\"64\" r=\"4.5\"><title>7000 av. J.-C.\u00a0: Jarmo<\/title><\/circle><\/a><text class=\"pf-chrono__name\" x=\"2\" y=\"130\">Histoire profonde<\/text><text class=\"pf-chrono__year\" x=\"2\" y=\"144\">9500 av. J.-C.<\/text><\/g><g class=\"pf-chrono__era pf-tone-1\"><rect class=\"pf-chrono__band\" x=\"150\" y=\"104\" width=\"148\" height=\"8\" rx=\"2\"><\/rect><a href=\"#ev-carduchoi\" aria-label=\"401 av. J.-C.\u00a0: X\u00e9nophon rencontre les Carduques\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"225\" x2=\"225\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"225\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>401 av. J.-C.\u00a0: X\u00e9nophon rencontre les Carduques<\/title><\/circle><\/a><text class=\"pf-chrono__name\" x=\"152\" y=\"130\">Antiquit\u00e9<\/text><text class=\"pf-chrono__year\" x=\"152\" y=\"144\">401 av. J.-C.<\/text><\/g><g class=\"pf-chrono__era pf-tone-0\"><rect class=\"pf-chrono__band\" x=\"300\" y=\"104\" width=\"148\" height=\"8\" rx=\"2\"><\/rect><a href=\"#ev-hasanwayhids\" aria-label=\"959\u00a0: dynastie des Hasanwayhides\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"310\" x2=\"310\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"310\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>959\u00a0: dynastie des Hasanwayhides<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-marwanids\" aria-label=\"990\u00a0: dynastie des Marwanides\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"327.7\" x2=\"327.7\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"64\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"327.7\" cy=\"64\" r=\"4.5\"><title>990\u00a0: dynastie des Marwanides<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-saladin-jerusalem\" aria-label=\"1187\u00a0: Saladin prend J\u00e9rusalem\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"440\" x2=\"440\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"440\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1187\u00a0: Saladin prend J\u00e9rusalem<\/title><\/circle><\/a><text class=\"pf-chrono__name\" x=\"302\" y=\"130\">Dynasties m\u00e9di\u00e9vales<\/text><text class=\"pf-chrono__year\" x=\"302\" y=\"144\">959<\/text><\/g><g class=\"pf-chrono__era pf-tone-1\"><rect class=\"pf-chrono__band\" x=\"450\" y=\"104\" width=\"148\" height=\"8\" rx=\"2\"><\/rect><a href=\"#ev-chaldiran\" aria-label=\"1514\u00a0: bataille de Tchaldiran\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"460\" x2=\"460\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"460\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1514\u00a0: bataille de Tchaldiran<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-sharafnama\" aria-label=\"1597\u00a0: la Sharafnama\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"520.6\" x2=\"520.6\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"64\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"520.6\" cy=\"64\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1597\u00a0: la Sharafnama<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-zuhab\" aria-label=\"1639\u00a0: trait\u00e9 de Zuhab\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"551.3\" x2=\"551.3\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"551.3\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1639\u00a0: trait\u00e9 de Zuhab<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-mem-u-zin\" aria-label=\"1692\u00a0: Mem \u00fb Z\u00een d'Ehmed\u00ea Xan\u00ee\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"590\" x2=\"590\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"64\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"590\" cy=\"64\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1692\u00a0: Mem \u00fb Z\u00een d&#8217;Ehmed\u00ea Xan\u00ee<\/title><\/circle><\/a><text class=\"pf-chrono__name\" x=\"452\" y=\"130\">Partage ottomano-safavide<\/text><text class=\"pf-chrono__year\" x=\"452\" y=\"144\">1514<\/text><\/g><g class=\"pf-chrono__era pf-tone-0\"><rect class=\"pf-chrono__band\" x=\"600\" y=\"104\" width=\"148\" height=\"8\" rx=\"2\"><\/rect><a href=\"#ev-bohtan\" aria-label=\"1847\u00a0: fin de l'\u00e9mirat de Bohtan\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"610\" x2=\"610\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"610\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1847\u00a0: fin de l&#8217;\u00e9mirat de Bohtan<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-kurdistan-newspaper\" aria-label=\"1898\u00a0: premier journal kurde\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"707.5\" x2=\"707.5\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"64\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"707.5\" cy=\"64\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1898\u00a0: premier journal kurde<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-genocides-1915\" aria-label=\"1915\u00a0: g\u00e9nocide arm\u00e9nien et Sayfo\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"740\" x2=\"740\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"740\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1915\u00a0: g\u00e9nocide arm\u00e9nien et Sayfo<\/title><\/circle><\/a><text class=\"pf-chrono__name\" x=\"602\" y=\"130\">Centralisation ottomane<\/text><text class=\"pf-chrono__year\" x=\"602\" y=\"144\">1847<\/text><\/g><g class=\"pf-chrono__era pf-tone-1\"><rect class=\"pf-chrono__band\" x=\"750\" y=\"104\" width=\"148\" height=\"8\" rx=\"2\"><\/rect><a href=\"#ev-sevres\" aria-label=\"1920\u00a0: trait\u00e9 de S\u00e8vres\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"760\" x2=\"760\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"760\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1920\u00a0: trait\u00e9 de S\u00e8vres<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-sheikh-mahmud\" aria-label=\"1922\u00a0: le royaume de cheikh Mahmoud\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"770\" x2=\"770\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"64\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"770\" cy=\"64\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1922\u00a0: le royaume de cheikh Mahmoud<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-lausanne\" aria-label=\"1923\u00a0: trait\u00e9 de Lausanne\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"775\" x2=\"775\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"775\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1923\u00a0: trait\u00e9 de Lausanne<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-sheikh-said\" aria-label=\"1925\u00a0: r\u00e9bellion de cheikh Sa\u00efd\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"785\" x2=\"785\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"64\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"785\" cy=\"64\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1925\u00a0: r\u00e9bellion de cheikh Sa\u00efd<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-hawar\" aria-label=\"1932\u00a0: la revue Hawar et l'alphabet latin du kurmandji\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"820\" x2=\"820\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"820\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1932\u00a0: la revue Hawar et l&#8217;alphabet latin du kurmandji<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-dersim\" aria-label=\"1937\u00a0: massacres de Dersim et d\u00e9portations sovi\u00e9tiques\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"845\" x2=\"845\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"64\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"845\" cy=\"64\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1937\u00a0: massacres de Dersim et d\u00e9portations sovi\u00e9tiques<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-mahabad\" aria-label=\"1946\u00a0: R\u00e9publique de Mahabad\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"890\" x2=\"890\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"890\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1946\u00a0: R\u00e9publique de Mahabad<\/title><\/circle><\/a><text class=\"pf-chrono__name\" x=\"752\" y=\"130\">Partage<\/text><text class=\"pf-chrono__year\" x=\"752\" y=\"144\">1920<\/text><\/g><g class=\"pf-chrono__era pf-tone-0\"><rect class=\"pf-chrono__band\" x=\"900\" y=\"104\" width=\"148\" height=\"8\" rx=\"2\"><\/rect><a href=\"#ev-september-revolution\" aria-label=\"1961\u00a0: r\u00e9volution de Septembre en Irak\u00a0; migration de travail vers l'Allemagne\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"910\" x2=\"910\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"910\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1961\u00a0: r\u00e9volution de Septembre en Irak\u00a0; migration de travail vers l&#8217;Allemagne<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-hasakah-census\" aria-label=\"1962\u00a0: recensement de Hassak\u00e9 en Syrie\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"914.8\" x2=\"914.8\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"64\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"914.8\" cy=\"64\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1962\u00a0: recensement de Hassak\u00e9 en Syrie<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-autonomy-1970\" aria-label=\"1970\u00a0: accord d'autonomie kurde en Irak\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"953.3\" x2=\"953.3\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"953.3\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1970\u00a0: accord d&#8217;autonomie kurde en Irak<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-coup-1980\" aria-label=\"1980\u00a0: coup d'\u00c9tat militaire en Turquie\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"1001.5\" x2=\"1001.5\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"64\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"1001.5\" cy=\"64\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1980\u00a0: coup d&#8217;\u00c9tat militaire en Turquie<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-anfal\" aria-label=\"1988\u00a0: campagne de l'Anfal et Halabja\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"1040\" x2=\"1040\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"1040\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1988\u00a0: campagne de l&#8217;Anfal et Halabja<\/title><\/circle><\/a><text class=\"pf-chrono__name\" x=\"902\" y=\"130\">Guerre froide<\/text><text class=\"pf-chrono__year\" x=\"902\" y=\"144\">1961<\/text><\/g><g class=\"pf-chrono__era pf-tone-1\"><rect class=\"pf-chrono__band\" x=\"1050\" y=\"104\" width=\"148\" height=\"8\" rx=\"2\"><\/rect><a href=\"#ev-uprising-1991\" aria-label=\"1991\u00a0: soul\u00e8vement et exode\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"1060\" x2=\"1060\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"1060\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1991\u00a0: soul\u00e8vement et exode<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-mykonos\" aria-label=\"1992\u00a0: assassinats du Mykonos, Berlin\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"1063.7\" x2=\"1063.7\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"64\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"1063.7\" cy=\"64\" r=\"4.5\"><title>1992\u00a0: assassinats du Mykonos, Berlin<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-iraq-constitution\" aria-label=\"2005\u00a0: la Constitution irakienne reconna\u00eet la r\u00e9gion du Kurdistan\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"1112\" x2=\"1112\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"1112\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>2005\u00a0: la Constitution irakienne reconna\u00eet la r\u00e9gion du Kurdistan<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-yazidi-genocide\" aria-label=\"2014\u00a0: g\u00e9nocide des Y\u00e9zidis \u00e0 Shingal\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"1145.4\" x2=\"1145.4\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"64\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"1145.4\" cy=\"64\" r=\"4.5\"><title>2014\u00a0: g\u00e9nocide des Y\u00e9zidis \u00e0 Shingal<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-referendum-2017\" aria-label=\"2017\u00a0: r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum d'ind\u00e9pendance de la r\u00e9gion du Kurdistan\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"1156.6\" x2=\"1156.6\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"1156.6\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>2017\u00a0: r\u00e9f\u00e9rendum d&#8217;ind\u00e9pendance de la r\u00e9gion du Kurdistan<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-jina-amini\" aria-label=\"2022\u00a0: Jina Amini et Jin, Jiyan, Azad\u00ee\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"1175.1\" x2=\"1175.1\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"64\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"1175.1\" cy=\"64\" r=\"4.5\"><title>2022\u00a0: Jina Amini et Jin, Jiyan, Azad\u00ee<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-assad-falls\" aria-label=\"2024\u00a0: chute du gouvernement Assad\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"1182.6\" x2=\"1182.6\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"1182.6\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>2024\u00a0: chute du gouvernement Assad<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-pkk-dissolution\" aria-label=\"2025\u00a0: le PKK annonce sa dissolution\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"1186.3\" x2=\"1186.3\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"64\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"1186.3\" cy=\"64\" r=\"4.5\"><title>2025\u00a0: le PKK annonce sa dissolution<\/title><\/circle><\/a><a href=\"#ev-syria-decree-2026\" aria-label=\"2026\u00a0: d\u00e9cret syrien sur les droits des Kurdes\"><line class=\"pf-chrono__stem\" x1=\"1190\" x2=\"1190\" y1=\"104\" y2=\"50\"><\/line><circle class=\"pf-chrono__dot pf-chrono__dot--pending\" cx=\"1190\" cy=\"50\" r=\"4.5\"><title>2026\u00a0: d\u00e9cret syrien sur les droits des Kurdes<\/title><\/circle><\/a><text class=\"pf-chrono__name\" x=\"1052\" y=\"130\">Apr\u00e8s 1991<\/text><text class=\"pf-chrono__year\" x=\"1052\" y=\"144\">1991<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/div><\/figure>\n<section class=\"pf-scn\" data-pf-scn=\"history\" aria-label=\"Comment une entr\u00e9e historique est relue\">\n<header class=\"pf-scn__head\"><div><p class=\"pf-scn__eb\">Processus<\/p><h3 class=\"pf-scn__title\">Comment une entr\u00e9e historique est relue<\/h3><p class=\"pf-scn__lede\">Chaque entr\u00e9e est sourc\u00e9e et relue\u00a0; les histoires controvers\u00e9es pr\u00e9sentent chaque partie, sources \u00e0 l&#8217;appui.<\/p><\/div><p class=\"pf-scn__status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><span class=\"pf-scn__dot\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span data-scn-status>5 \u00e9tapes<\/span><\/p><\/header>\n<div class=\"pf-scn__bar\" hidden><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-scn__btn\" data-scn-act=\"play\">Ex\u00e9cuter<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-scn__btn\" data-scn-act=\"prev\" aria-label=\"\u00c9tape pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente\">\u2039<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-scn__btn\" data-scn-act=\"next\" aria-label=\"\u00c9tape suivante\">\u203a<\/button><input class=\"pf-scn__scrub\" type=\"range\" min=\"0\" max=\"5\" value=\"0\" step=\"1\" aria-label=\"\u00c9tape\"><span class=\"pf-scn__count\" data-scn-count>0 \/ 5<\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-scn__btn\" data-scn-act=\"reset\" aria-label=\"R\u00e9initialiser\">R\u00e9initialiser<\/button><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-scn__body\"><div class=\"pf-scn__stage\"><svg class=\"pf-scn__svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 604 442\" width=\"604\" height=\"442\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Comment une entr\u00e9e historique est relue\u00a0: 5 \u00e9tapes\"><g class=\"pf-scn__lane\"><rect class=\"pf-scn__lane-bg\" x=\"20\" y=\"8\" width=\"180\" height=\"426\" rx=\"6\"><\/rect><text class=\"pf-scn__lane-t\" x=\"32\" y=\"30\">Auteur<\/text><\/g><g class=\"pf-scn__lane\"><rect class=\"pf-scn__lane-bg\" x=\"212\" y=\"8\" width=\"180\" height=\"426\" rx=\"6\"><\/rect><text class=\"pf-scn__lane-t\" x=\"224\" y=\"30\">Conseil scientifique<\/text><\/g><g class=\"pf-scn__lane\"><rect class=\"pf-scn__lane-bg\" x=\"404\" y=\"8\" width=\"180\" height=\"426\" rx=\"6\"><\/rect><text class=\"pf-scn__lane-t\" x=\"416\" y=\"30\">Chronologie<\/text><\/g><g class=\"pf-scn__edge\" data-scn-to=\"1\"><path d=\"M110 106 L110 122\"><\/path><\/g><g class=\"pf-scn__edge\" data-scn-to=\"2\"><path d=\"M198 151 C206 151 206 225 214 225\"><\/path><\/g><g class=\"pf-scn__edge pf-scn__edge--return\" data-scn-to=\"1\"><path d=\"M390 225 C408 225 408 151 198 151\"><\/path><text x=\"412\" y=\"188\">autres sources<\/text><\/g><g class=\"pf-scn__edge\" data-scn-to=\"3\"><path d=\"M302 254 L302 270\"><\/path><\/g><g class=\"pf-scn__edge\" data-scn-to=\"4\"><path d=\"M390 299 C398 299 398 373 406 373\"><\/path><\/g><g class=\"pf-scn__node pf-scn__node--start\" data-scn-step=\"0\" data-state=\"queued\" tabindex=\"-1\"><rect class=\"pf-scn__card\" x=\"22\" y=\"48\" width=\"176\" height=\"58\" rx=\"5\"><\/rect><g class=\"pf-scn__ic\" transform=\"translate(42 70)\"><circle class=\"pf-scn__ic-ring\" r=\"7\"><\/circle><path class=\"pf-scn__ic-ok\" d=\"M-3.4 0.2 L-1 2.6 L3.6 -2.4\"><\/path><\/g><text class=\"pf-scn__card-k\" x=\"58\" y=\"68\">01 \u00b7 D\u00e9but<\/text><text class=\"pf-scn__card-t\" x=\"58\" y=\"88\">Entr\u00e9e r\u00e9dig\u00e9e<\/text><\/g><g class=\"pf-scn__node pf-scn__node--record\" data-scn-step=\"1\" data-state=\"queued\" tabindex=\"-1\"><rect class=\"pf-scn__card\" x=\"22\" y=\"122\" width=\"176\" height=\"58\" rx=\"5\"><\/rect><g class=\"pf-scn__ic\" transform=\"translate(42 144)\"><circle class=\"pf-scn__ic-ring\" r=\"7\"><\/circle><path class=\"pf-scn__ic-ok\" d=\"M-3.4 0.2 L-1 2.6 L3.6 -2.4\"><\/path><\/g><text class=\"pf-scn__card-k\" x=\"58\" y=\"142\">02 \u00b7 Enregistrement<\/text><text class=\"pf-scn__card-t\" x=\"58\" y=\"162\">Sources jointes<\/text><\/g><g class=\"pf-scn__node pf-scn__node--gate\" data-scn-step=\"2\" data-state=\"queued\" tabindex=\"-1\"><rect class=\"pf-scn__card\" x=\"214\" y=\"196\" width=\"176\" height=\"58\" rx=\"5\"><\/rect><g class=\"pf-scn__ic\" transform=\"translate(234 218)\"><circle class=\"pf-scn__ic-ring\" r=\"7\"><\/circle><path class=\"pf-scn__ic-ok\" d=\"M-3.4 0.2 L-1 2.6 L3.6 -2.4\"><\/path><\/g><text class=\"pf-scn__card-k\" x=\"250\" y=\"216\">03 \u00b7 \u00c9tape de validation<\/text><text class=\"pf-scn__card-t\" x=\"250\" y=\"236\">Examen scientifique<\/text><\/g><g class=\"pf-scn__node pf-scn__node--decision\" data-scn-step=\"3\" data-state=\"queued\" tabindex=\"-1\"><rect class=\"pf-scn__card\" x=\"214\" y=\"270\" width=\"176\" height=\"58\" rx=\"5\"><\/rect><g class=\"pf-scn__ic\" transform=\"translate(234 292)\"><circle class=\"pf-scn__ic-ring\" r=\"7\"><\/circle><path class=\"pf-scn__ic-ok\" d=\"M-3.4 0.2 L-1 2.6 L3.6 -2.4\"><\/path><\/g><text class=\"pf-scn__card-k\" x=\"250\" y=\"290\">04 \u00b7 D\u00e9cision<\/text><text class=\"pf-scn__card-t\" x=\"250\" y=\"310\">Controvers\u00e9\u00a0?<\/text><\/g><g class=\"pf-scn__node pf-scn__node--end\" data-scn-step=\"4\" data-state=\"queued\" tabindex=\"-1\"><rect class=\"pf-scn__card\" x=\"406\" y=\"344\" width=\"176\" height=\"58\" rx=\"5\"><\/rect><g class=\"pf-scn__ic\" transform=\"translate(426 366)\"><circle class=\"pf-scn__ic-ring\" r=\"7\"><\/circle><path class=\"pf-scn__ic-ok\" d=\"M-3.4 0.2 L-1 2.6 L3.6 -2.4\"><\/path><\/g><text class=\"pf-scn__card-k\" x=\"442\" y=\"364\">05 \u00b7 R\u00e9sultat<\/text><text class=\"pf-scn__card-t\" x=\"442\" y=\"384\">Publi\u00e9<\/text><\/g><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"pf-scn__side\"><p class=\"pf-scn__side-h\">Journal d&#8217;ex\u00e9cution<\/p><ol class=\"pf-scn__steps\"><li class=\"pf-scn__step\" data-scn-step=\"0\" data-state=\"queued\"><p class=\"pf-scn__step-k\">01 \u00b7 Auteur<\/p><h4 class=\"pf-scn__step-t\">Entr\u00e9e r\u00e9dig\u00e9e<\/h4><p>Ann\u00e9e, titre et court r\u00e9sum\u00e9\u00a0; les dates approximatives sont signal\u00e9es.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-scn__step\" data-scn-step=\"1\" data-state=\"queued\"><p class=\"pf-scn__step-k\">02 \u00b7 Auteur<\/p><h4 class=\"pf-scn__step-t\">Sources jointes<\/h4><p>Chaque affirmation indique sa source.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-scn__step\" data-scn-step=\"2\" data-state=\"queued\"><p class=\"pf-scn__step-k\">03 \u00b7 Conseil scientifique<\/p><h4 class=\"pf-scn__step-t\">Examen scientifique<\/h4><p>Le conseil v\u00e9rifie les sources et la formulation.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-scn__step\" data-scn-step=\"3\" data-state=\"queued\"><p class=\"pf-scn__step-k\">04 \u00b7 Conseil scientifique<\/p><h4 class=\"pf-scn__step-t\">Controvers\u00e9\u00a0?<\/h4><p>Lorsque les historiens sont en d\u00e9saccord, chaque partie est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e avec ses sources.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-scn__step\" data-scn-step=\"4\" data-state=\"queued\"><p class=\"pf-scn__step-k\">05 \u00b7 Chronologie<\/p><h4 class=\"pf-scn__step-t\">Publi\u00e9<\/h4><p>L&#8217;entr\u00e9e perd sa mention \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<p class=\"pf-scn__src\">La note de relecture sur la chronologie.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<ol class=\"pf-timeline\"><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-gobekli-tepe\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">vers 9500 av. J.-C.<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">G\u00f6bekli Tepe<\/h3><p>Enceintes monumentales pr\u00e8s d&#8217;Urfa : un riche h\u00e9ritage humain des terres o\u00f9 vivent aujourd&#8217;hui les Kurdes.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Histoire profonde \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-jarmo\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">vers 7000 av. J.-C.<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Jarmo<\/h3><p>L&#8217;un des plus anciens villages agricoles, au pied du Zagros.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Histoire profonde \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-carduchoi\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">401 av. J.-C.<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">X\u00e9nophon rencontre les Carduques<\/h3><p>L&#8217;Anabase d\u00e9crit le peuple montagnard des Carduques, souvent rattach\u00e9 \u00e0 la Cordu\u00e8ne.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Antiquit\u00e9 \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-hasanwayhids\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">959<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Dynastie des Hasanwayhides<\/h3><p>Dynastie kurde du Zagros, autour de Dinawar et de Kermanshah.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Dynasties m\u00e9di\u00e9vales \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-marwanids\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">990<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Dynastie des Marwanides<\/h3><p>Dynastie kurde de Diyarbak\u0131r (Amed) et de Silvan, protectrice du savoir.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Dynasties m\u00e9di\u00e9vales \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-saladin-jerusalem\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1187<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Saladin prend J\u00e9rusalem<\/h3><p>Salah al-Din, issu d&#8217;une famille kurde de Dvin, fondateur de la dynastie ayyoubide.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Dynasties m\u00e9di\u00e9vales \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-chaldiran\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1514<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Bataille de Tchaldiran<\/h3><p>La victoire ottomane sur les S\u00e9f\u00e9vides commence le partage des terres kurdes entre deux empires.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Partage ottomano-safavide \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-sharafnama\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1597<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">La Sharafnama<\/h3><p>Sharaf Khan Bidlisi \u00e9crit la premi\u00e8re histoire des Kurdes, en persan.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Partage ottomano-safavide \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-zuhab\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1639<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Trait\u00e9 de Zuhab<\/h3><p>Fixe la fronti\u00e8re ottomane-safavide \u00e0 travers les terres kurdes.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Partage ottomano-safavide \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-mem-u-zin\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1692<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Mem \u00fb Z\u00een d&#8217;Ehmed\u00ea Xan\u00ee<\/h3><p>L&#8217;\u00e9pop\u00e9e nationale kurde, souvent lue comme un appel \u00e0 l&#8217;unit\u00e9 kurde.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Partage ottomano-safavide \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-bohtan\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1847<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Fin de l&#8217;\u00e9mirat de Bohtan<\/h3><p>La centralisation ottomane vient \u00e0 bout de Bedir Khan Beg\u00a0; les \u00e9mirats sont abolis.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Centralisation ottomane \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-kurdistan-newspaper\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1898<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Premier journal kurde<\/h3><p>Kurdistan para\u00eet au Caire le 22 avril 1898\u00a0; cette date est aujourd&#8217;hui la Journ\u00e9e du journalisme kurde.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Centralisation ottomane \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-genocides-1915\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1915<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">G\u00e9nocide arm\u00e9nien et Sayfo<\/h3><p>Des historiens documentent que certaines tribus kurdes ont pris part aux massacres alors que d&#8217;autres Kurdes ont abrit\u00e9 des victimes ; des personnalit\u00e9s politiques kurdes l&#8217;ont reconnu par la suite et ont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 des excuses.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Centralisation ottomane \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-sevres\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1920<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Trait\u00e9 de S\u00e8vres<\/h3><p>Les articles 62 \u00e0 64 pr\u00e9voient une autonomie kurde\u00a0; jamais ratifi\u00e9.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Partage \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-sheikh-mahmud\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1922<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Le royaume de cheikh Mahmoud<\/h3><p>Un royaume du Kurdistan est proclam\u00e9 \u00e0 Souleimaniye, puis \u00e9cras\u00e9 par les forces britanniques.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Partage \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-lausanne\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1923<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Trait\u00e9 de Lausanne<\/h3><p>La R\u00e9publique de Turquie est reconnue sans dispositions kurdes ; les terres kurdes sont r\u00e9parties entre quatre \u00c9tats.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Partage \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-sheikh-said\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1925<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">R\u00e9bellion de cheikh Sa\u00efd<\/h3><p>Soul\u00e8vement en Turquie, suivi de la r\u00e9pression militaire, de d\u00e9portations et de politiques niant l&#8217;identit\u00e9 kurde, tels que les historiens les documentent.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Partage \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-hawar\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1932<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">La revue Hawar et l&#8217;alphabet latin du kurmandji<\/h3><p>Celadet et Kamuran Bedirxan publient Hawar \u00e0 Damas\u00a0; le 15 mai est aujourd&#8217;hui la Journ\u00e9e de la langue kurde.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Partage \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-dersim\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1937<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Massacres de Dersim et d\u00e9portations sovi\u00e9tiques<\/h3><p>Des op\u00e9rations militaires \u00e0 Dersim (1937 \u00e0 1938) tuent des milliers de civils et en d\u00e9portent bien d&#8217;autres, selon les historiens ; le nombre de morts est contest\u00e9. En 1937, des Kurdes du Sud-Caucase sont d\u00e9port\u00e9s en Asie centrale.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Partage \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-mahabad\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1946<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">R\u00e9publique de Mahabad<\/h3><p>Proclam\u00e9e le 22 janvier 1946 sous Qazi Muhammad\u00a0; elle tombe dans l&#8217;ann\u00e9e, et il est pendu en 1947.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Partage \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-september-revolution\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1961<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">R\u00e9volution de Septembre en Irak\u00a0; migration de travail vers l&#8217;Allemagne<\/h3><p>Le soul\u00e8vement de Moustafa Barzani commence\u00a0; l&#8217;accord de recrutement entre la Turquie et l&#8217;Allemagne de l&#8217;Ouest lance la migration de travail.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Guerre froide \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-hasakah-census\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1962<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Recensement de Hassak\u00e9 en Syrie<\/h3><p>Environ 120\u202f000 Kurdes sont priv\u00e9s de leur citoyennet\u00e9.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Guerre froide \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-autonomy-1970\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1970<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Accord d&#8217;autonomie kurde en Irak<\/h3><p>Sign\u00e9 le 11 mars 1970\u00a0; il s&#8217;effondre apr\u00e8s l&#8217;accord d&#8217;Alger de 1975.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Guerre froide \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-coup-1980\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1980<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Coup d&#8217;\u00c9tat militaire en Turquie<\/h3><p>Arrestations massives, torture document\u00e9e dans la prison de Diyarbak\u0131r, et vague d&#8217;exil\u00e9s politiques vers l&#8217;Europe.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Guerre froide \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-anfal\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1988<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Campagne de l&#8217;Anfal et Halabja<\/h3><p>Attaque \u00e0 l&#8217;arme chimique sur Halabja le 16 mars 1988, dans le cadre de la campagne d&#8217;Anfal (1986 \u00e0 1989) contre des civils kurdes ; le Haut Tribunal irakien a qualifi\u00e9 l&#8217;Anfal de g\u00e9nocide en 2007.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Guerre froide \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-uprising-1991\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1991<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Soul\u00e8vement et exode<\/h3><p>Environ 1,5 million de personnes fuient vers l&#8217;Iran et la Turquie\u00a0; la zone de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 conduit \u00e0 l&#8217;autonomie de la r\u00e9gion du Kurdistan.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Apr\u00e8s 1991 \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-mykonos\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">1992<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Assassinats du Mykonos, Berlin<\/h3><p>Quatre opposants kurdes iraniens sont tu\u00e9s au restaurant Mykonos \u00e0 Berlin ; un jugement rendu en 1997 par un tribunal berlinois attribue l&#8217;ordre aux dirigeants de l&#8217;Iran.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Apr\u00e8s 1991 \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-iraq-constitution\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">2005<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">La Constitution irakienne reconna\u00eet la r\u00e9gion du Kurdistan<\/h3><p>Le kurde devient une langue officielle de l&#8217;Irak.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Apr\u00e8s 1991 \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-yazidi-genocide\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">2014<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">G\u00e9nocide des Y\u00e9zidis \u00e0 Shingal<\/h3><p>Attaque de l&#8217;EIIL contre Shingal (Sinjar) le 3 ao\u00fbt 2014\u00a0: massacres, enl\u00e8vements et mise en esclavage\u00a0; la Commission d&#8217;enqu\u00eate des Nations Unies sur la Syrie y a vu un g\u00e9nocide (2016).<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Apr\u00e8s 1991 \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-referendum-2017\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">2017<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rendum d&#8217;ind\u00e9pendance de la r\u00e9gion du Kurdistan<\/h3><p>Tenu le 25 septembre 2017 ; les forces f\u00e9d\u00e9rales irakiennes prennent le contr\u00f4le de Kirkouk le 16 octobre.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Apr\u00e8s 1991 \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-jina-amini\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">2022<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Jina Amini et Jin, Jiyan, Azad\u00ee<\/h3><p>La mort de Jina (Mahsa) Amini, jeune Kurde de Saqqez, apr\u00e8s son arrestation par la police des m\u0153urs iranienne, est suivie de manifestations dans tout le pays sous le slogan kurde Jin, Jiyan, Azad\u00ee.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Apr\u00e8s 1991 \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-assad-falls\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">2024<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Chute du gouvernement Assad<\/h3><p>8 d\u00e9cembre 2024\u00a0; une nouvelle phase pour les Kurdes de Syrie.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Apr\u00e8s 1991 \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-pkk-dissolution\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">2025<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">Le PKK annonce sa dissolution<\/h3><p>Rapport\u00e9 le 12 mai 2025, apr\u00e8s l&#8217;appel d&#8217;Abdullah \u00d6calan du 27 f\u00e9vrier 2025 ; \u00e0 v\u00e9rifier aupr\u00e8s des sources primaires.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Apr\u00e8s 1991 \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-timeline__item\" id=\"ev-syria-decree-2026\">\n  <p class=\"pf-timeline__year\">2026<\/p>\n  <div><h3 class=\"pf-timeline__title\">D\u00e9cret syrien sur les droits des Kurdes<\/h3><p>Annonc\u00e9 en janvier 2026\u00a0: citoyennet\u00e9 rendue aux Kurdes apatrides et kurde reconnu comme langue nationale\u00a0; \u00e0 v\u00e9rifier.<\/p><p class=\"pf-timeline__era\">Apr\u00e8s 1991 \u00b7 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence en pr\u00e9paration<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<\/li><\/ol><details class=\"pf-cite\" id=\"cite\"><summary>Citer cette page<\/summary><div class=\"pf-cite__body\"><dl class=\"pf-cite__list\">\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">APA<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-apa\" translate=\"no\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization. (2026). <i>Timeline<\/i>. kurds.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fr\/timeline\/\">https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/timeline\/<\/a><\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-apa\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copier<\/span><span hidden>Copi\u00e9<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">Chicago<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-chicago\" translate=\"no\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization. 2026. \u201cTimeline.\u201d kurds.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fr\/timeline\/\">https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/timeline\/<\/a>.<\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-chicago\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copier<\/span><span hidden>Copi\u00e9<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">BibTeX<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" translate=\"no\">@misc{kco2026_heritage_timeline,\n\tauthor = {{The Kurdish Cooperation Organization}},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {Licence: CC BY 4.0},\n\ttitle = {Timeline},\n\turl = {https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/timeline\/},\n\thowpublished = {https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/timeline\/},\n}\n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copier<\/span><span hidden>Copi\u00e9<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/kurds-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/kco2026_heritage_timeline.bib\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/kco2026_heritage_timeline.bib\" download=\"kco2026_heritage_timeline.bib\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger <span translate=\"no\">.bib<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">RIS<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-ris\" translate=\"no\">TY  - ELEC\nAU  - The Kurdish Cooperation Organization\nDA  - 2026\/\/\/\nPY  - 2026\nID  - kco2026_heritage_tim\nN1  - Licence: CC BY 4.0\nTI  - Timeline\nUR  - https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/timeline\/\nER  - \n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-ris\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copier<\/span><span hidden>Copi\u00e9<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/kurds-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/kco2026_heritage_timeline.ris\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/kco2026_heritage_timeline.ris\" download=\"kco2026_heritage_timeline.ris\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger <span translate=\"no\">.ris<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<\/dl><p class=\"pf-cite__meta\">Licence <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" translate=\"no\" rel=\"license\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"pf-notice\" id=\"before-you-begin\" data-pf-notice=\"material\"><summary class=\"pf-notice__sum\"><span class=\"pf-notice__k\">Avant de commencer<\/span> <span class=\"pf-notice__line\">L&#8217;Organisation de coop\u00e9ration kurde est une f\u00e9d\u00e9ration de communaut\u00e9s qui apprennent les unes des autres. Elle n&#8217;est pas une universit\u00e9, ne revendique aucune autorit\u00e9 publique et ne sert aucun gouvernement, parti ou organisme confessionnel.<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"pf-notice__body\">\n<p class=\"pf-notice__lead\">Les sources ext\u00e9rieures conservent leurs propres licences. Un r\u00e9f\u00e9rencement ou un lien ne vaut pas approbation.<\/p>\n\n<div data-pf-notice-evidence=\"\"><h3 class=\"pf-notice__h\">Comment cette page traite les \u00e9l\u00e9ments de preuve<\/h3><p>Chaque chiffre indique sa mesure, son ann\u00e9e, sa source et son \u00e9tiquette. Ce qui est inconnu est indiqu\u00e9 comme inconnu.<\/p><dl class=\"pf-notice__labels\"><div><dt><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">V\u00e9rifi\u00e9<\/span><\/dt><dd>Une \u00e9tiquette : l&#8217;\u00e9l\u00e9ment correspond \u00e0 son enregistrement primaire, comme le tableau officiel ou la notice Crossref.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--secondary\">Source secondaire<\/span><\/dt><dd>Une \u00e9tiquette : le chiffre provient d&#8217;un rapport fiable sur la source, et non de la source elle-m\u00eame.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u00c0 v\u00e9rifier<\/span><\/dt><dd>Une \u00e9tiquette : l&#8217;\u00e9l\u00e9ment est list\u00e9 tel qu&#8217;il a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9 et doit encore \u00eatre v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 aupr\u00e8s de sa source.<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><h4 class=\"pf-notice__h4\">Sources<\/h4><p class=\"pf-notice__small\">Notices scientifiques ouvertes sur ce sujet, issues d&#8217;index approuv\u00e9s. List\u00e9es \u00e0 titre de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, pas encore relues.<\/p><ol class=\"pf-notice__srcs\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">Cihat Yilmaz (2026). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21600\/ijoks.1870377\" rel=\"noopener\">History and National Consciousness: A Critical Analysis of Kurdish Nationalist Historical Narratives<\/a>. International Journal of Kurdish Studies. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21600\/ijoks.1870377\">10.21600\/ijoks.1870377<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">Piotr Sosnowski (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11576\/ijcv-5688\" rel=\"noopener\">Path Dependence from Proxy Agent to De Facto State: A History of \u2018Strategic Exploitation\u2019 of the Kurds as a Context of the Iraqi Kurdistan Security Policy<\/a>. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV). DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11576\/ijcv-5688\">10.11576\/ijcv-5688<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">Zyad M. NUR\u0130 (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55106\/kurdiname.1081809\" rel=\"noopener\">POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE DE-FACTO KURDISTAN REGION-IRAQ<\/a>. Kurdiname. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55106\/kurdiname.1081809\">10.55106\/kurdiname.1081809<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781108623711\" rel=\"noopener\">The Cambridge History of the Kurds<\/a> (2021). Cambridge University Press eBooks. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781108623711\">10.1017\/9781108623711<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">Gerald Martin Maclean (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33182\/ks.v7i2.461\" rel=\"noopener\">British Travellers, the Kurds, and Kurdistan: a brief literary history, c. 1520-1673<\/a>. Kurdish Studies. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33182\/ks.v7i2.461\">10.33182\/ks.v7i2.461<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"pf-notice__cite\"><a href=\"#cite\">Citer cette page<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"pf-notice__foot\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/news\/fr\/corrections\/\">Signaler une erreur<\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/about-this-network\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Ce que nous sommes et ce que nous ne sommes pas<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/details>\n<section class=\"pf-section\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\">Recherche et sources<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">Travaux r\u00e9cents et pertinents sur le sujet de cette page, issus de sources scientifiques ouvertes approuv\u00e9es. M\u00e9tadonn\u00e9es et liens uniquement. Les titres restent tels que publi\u00e9s. Pas encore relu.<\/p>\n  <ol class=\"pf-srchub\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21600\/ijoks.1870377\" rel=\"noopener\">History and National Consciousness: A Critical Analysis of Kurdish Nationalist Historical Narratives<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Cihat Yilmaz \u00b7 2026 \u00b7 International Journal of Kurdish Studies<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAIRE<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11576\/ijcv-5688\" rel=\"noopener\">Path Dependence from Proxy Agent to De Facto State: A History of \u2018Strategic Exploitation\u2019 of the Kurds as a Context of the Iraqi Kurdistan Security Policy<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Piotr Sosnowski \u00b7 2022 \u00b7 International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV)<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DataCite<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DOAJ<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Libre acc\u00e8s<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY-ND-2.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55106\/kurdiname.1081809\" rel=\"noopener\">POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE DE-FACTO KURDISTAN REGION-IRAQ<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Zyad M. NUR\u0130 \u00b7 2022 \u00b7 Kurdiname<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781108623711\" rel=\"noopener\">The Cambridge History of the Kurds<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">2021 \u00b7 Cambridge University Press eBooks<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Livre<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAlex<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33182\/ks.v7i2.461\" rel=\"noopener\">British Travellers, the Kurds, and Kurdistan: a brief literary history, c. 1520-1673<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Gerald Martin Maclean \u00b7 2019 \u00b7 Kurdish Studies<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21271\/zjpas.35.3.22\" rel=\"noopener\">The Effect of Sex Differences and Family History as a Genetic Factors related to Autism Spectrum Disorder among Group of children in Erbil city, Kurdistan Region- Iraq.<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Srwa S. Saleem, Nihad A. Ameen \u00b7 2023 \u00b7 Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DOAJ<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Libre acc\u00e8s<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48350\/154965\" rel=\"noopener\">A Struggle within a Struggle: The History of the Kurdish Women\u2019s Liberation Movement.<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Isabel Martina K\u00e4ser \u00b7 2021 \u00b7 University of Bern<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Section<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DataCite<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">restricted<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25330\/2141\" rel=\"noopener\">The Kurdish spring, history in the making: where are the women?<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Salome Hirvaskoski \u00b7 2014 \u00b7 My University<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Autre<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DataCite<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/9789004706552_004\" rel=\"noopener\">On the Linguistic History of Kurdish<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Thomas J\u00fcgel \u00b7 2024 \u00b7 Kurdish Studies Archive<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Section<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY-4.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sena.12437\" rel=\"noopener\">Kurdish Women\u2019s Experience in Iraq: History, Politics and Literature<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Lolav M. Hassan Alhamid \u00b7 2024 \u00b7 Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAIRE<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/978-1-137-56324-8_2\" rel=\"noopener\">Sunni, Shia, and Kurd: A Brief History of Islamism in Kurdistan<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Ali Ezzatyar \u00b7 2016 \u00b7 The Last Mufti of Iranian Kurdistan<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Section<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23918\/vesal2021v18\" rel=\"noopener\">Teaching the History of Kurdistan through Visual Art<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">2021 \u00b7 VESAL2021 Proceedings Book<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"pf-srchub__foot\">Sources, licences et dates de collecte : <span translate=\"no\">Crossref (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.crossref.org\/documentation\/retrieve-metadata\/rest-api\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata facts, any use; abstracts may be publisher-owned and are never shown<\/a>), 2026-10-23; DataCite (<a href=\"https:\/\/support.datacite.org\/docs\/datacite-metadata-schema\" rel=\"noopener\">CC0 1.0 (DataCite metadata)<\/a>), 2026-10-23; DOAJ (<a href=\"https:\/\/doaj.org\/terms\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata CC0 1.0 (DOAJ); articles under their own open licences<\/a>), 2026-10-23; OpenAIRE (<a href=\"https:\/\/graph.openaire.eu\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0 (OpenAIRE Graph)<\/a>), 2026-10-23; OpenAlex (<a href=\"https:\/\/help.openalex.org\/access\/pricing\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC0-1.0 data; metered API (free key)<\/a>), 2026-10-23.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<aside class=\"pf-closing\" aria-label=\"Construisons-le ensemble\"><div class=\"pf-closing__text\"><h2 class=\"pf-closing__title\">Construisons-le ensemble<\/h2><p>Devenez membre, ou dites-nous ce dont votre ville a besoin. Vous choisissez ce que vous partagez.<\/p><\/div><p class=\"pf-actions\"><a class=\"pf-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/join\/\" data-pf-auth=\"guest\">Adh\u00e9rer<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/members\/me\/\" data-pf-auth=\"member\">Votre profil<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/contact\/\">Contact<\/a><\/p><\/aside><\/div><footer class=\"pf-netfoot pf-nf\" aria-label=\"R\u00e9seau\">\n  <div class=\"pf-netfoot__id\"><a class=\"pf-netfoot__brand\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/\"><svg class=\"pf-mark pf-mark--kilim\" viewBox=\"-5.6 -5.6 11.2 11.2\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\"><g><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"-5.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-1.5\" y=\"-4.5\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-2.5\" y=\"-3.5\" width=\"5\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-3.5\" y=\"-2.5\" width=\"7\" 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width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-1.5\" y=\"-1.5\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-2.5\" y=\"-0.5\" width=\"5\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-1.5\" y=\"0.5\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"1.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"-0.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m0\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span>KCO<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-netfoot__name\">Organisation de coop\u00e9ration kurde<\/p><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-netfoot__col\"><h2 class=\"pf-netfoot__h\">KCO<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/\">Accueil<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/the-community\/\">Les communaut\u00e9s kurdes<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/federation\/\">F\u00e9d\u00e9ration<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/country-programmes\/\">Programmes nationaux<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/calendar\/\">Calendrier<\/a><\/li><li><a 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hreflang=\"az\" lang=\"az\" dir=\"ltr\">Az\u0259rbaycanca<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/de\/timeline\/\" hreflang=\"de\" lang=\"de\" dir=\"ltr\">Deutsch<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/es\/timeline\/\" hreflang=\"es\" lang=\"es\" dir=\"ltr\">Espa\u00f1ol<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fr\/timeline\/\" hreflang=\"fr\" lang=\"fr\" dir=\"ltr\" aria-current=\"true\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/hi\/timeline\/\" hreflang=\"hi\" lang=\"hi\" dir=\"ltr\">\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/id\/timeline\/\" hreflang=\"id\" lang=\"id\" dir=\"ltr\">Bahasa Indonesia<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/it\/timeline\/\" hreflang=\"it\" lang=\"it\" dir=\"ltr\">Italiano<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/ja\/timeline\/\" hreflang=\"ja\" lang=\"ja\" dir=\"ltr\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/ko\/timeline\/\" hreflang=\"ko\" lang=\"ko\" dir=\"ltr\">\ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/pt\/timeline\/\" hreflang=\"pt\" lang=\"pt\" dir=\"ltr\">Portugu\u00eas<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/ru\/timeline\/\" hreflang=\"ru\" lang=\"ru\" dir=\"ltr\">\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/zh\/timeline\/\" hreflang=\"zh\" lang=\"zh\" dir=\"ltr\">\u7b80\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <p class=\"pf-netfoot__legal\"><span lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization (KCO)<\/span> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/guide\/charter-of-the-kurdish-cooperation-organization-kco\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Version de la charte<\/a> <span class=\"pf-nf__ver\" dir=\"ltr\">1.0.0.1<\/span><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-netfoot__pos\">L&#8217;Organisation de coop\u00e9ration kurde est un r\u00e9seau ind\u00e9pendant d&#8217;\u00e9ducation et de d\u00e9veloppement entre pairs, issu des communaut\u00e9s kurdes. 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