{"id":54,"date":"2026-11-01T15:20:44","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T15:20:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/literature\/"},"modified":"2026-11-01T15:20:44","modified_gmt":"2026-11-01T15:20:44","slug":"literature","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/literature\/","title":{"rendered":"Literature"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"pf\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" data-site=\"\/heritage\/\" data-net=\"kco\" data-kit=\"d46\" data-kind=\"page\">\n<div class=\"pf-top pf-nv\" data-pf-nav=\"\" data-pf-more=\"More\">\n<a class=\"pf-brand\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/\"><svg class=\"pf-mark pf-mark--kilim\" viewBox=\"-5.6 -5.6 11.2 11.2\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\"><g><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"-5.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-1.5\" y=\"-4.5\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-2.5\" y=\"-3.5\" width=\"5\" height=\"1\" 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height=\"1\" class=\"m0\"\/><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"-2.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-1.5\" y=\"-1.5\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-2.5\" y=\"-0.5\" width=\"5\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-1.5\" y=\"0.5\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"1.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"-0.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m0\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span><b>KCO<\/b><small translate=\"no\">kurds.global<\/small><\/span><\/a><a class=\"pf-nv__site pf-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/\" data-area=\"heritage\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M20 10c0 4.993-5.539 10.193-7.399 11.799a1 1 0 0 1-1.202 0C9.539 20.193 4 14.993 4 10a8 8 0 0 1 16 0\" \/> <circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"10\" r=\"3\" \/><\/svg><span class=\"pf-scope__crumbs\"><b>KCO<\/b><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"m9 18 6-6-6-6\" \/><\/svg><span>Heritage<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n<nav class=\"pf-nv__menu\" id=\"pf-nv-menu\" aria-label=\"Network\"><ul class=\"pf-nv__bar\"><li class=\"pf-nv__item\"><details class=\"pf-nv__d\" data-pf-mega=\"network\" data-pf-lazy=\"\"><summary class=\"pf-nv__sum\" aria-controls=\"pf-nv-network\" data-tip=\"Network\"><span>Network<\/span><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect width=\"7\" height=\"7\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"1\" \/> <rect width=\"7\" height=\"7\" x=\"14\" y=\"3\" rx=\"1\" \/> <rect width=\"7\" height=\"7\" x=\"14\" y=\"14\" rx=\"1\" \/> <rect width=\"7\" height=\"7\" x=\"3\" y=\"14\" rx=\"1\" \/><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"pf-nv__panel\" id=\"pf-nv-network\"><div class=\"pf-nv__in pf-nv__in--network\">\n<div class=\"pf-nv__primary\"><p class=\"pf-nv__h\">Areas<\/p><ol class=\"pf-nv__svcs\"><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"learn\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span>Academy<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">Every field of knowledge, courses in all Kurdish varieties, and communities of practice.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"heritage\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span>Heritage<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">History from the Zagros to today, memory, faiths, arts, literature and food.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"language\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span>Language<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">Kurmanji, Sorani, Zazaki, Southern Kurdish and Gorani, in every script.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"research\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/research\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span>Research<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">Kurdish studies: the observatory, reading lists and new research.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"opportunities\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/opportunities\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span>Opportunities<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">Livelihoods, skills, jobs, mentoring and diaspora-to-region bridges.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"civic\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/civic\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">06<\/span><span>Civic<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">Civic education, rights literacy, statelessness help and dialogue.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"development\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">07<\/span><span>Development<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">Social programmes, livelihoods and disaster preparedness for Kurdish communities.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"news\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/news\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">08<\/span><span>News and events<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">Kurdish and regional news with every outlet labelled, and the calendar of Kurdish days.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-nv__aside\"><p class=\"pf-nv__h\">KCO<\/p><ul class=\"pf-nv__links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/\">Home<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/country-programmes\/\">Country programmes<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/areas\/\">Areas of work<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/calendar\/\">Calendar<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/the-community\/\">Kurdish 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class=\"pf-langs__code\" translate=\"no\" aria-hidden=\"true\">EN<\/span><span class=\"pf-langs__count\">18<\/span><\/summary><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"en\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" aria-current=\"true\">English<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/kmr\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"kmr\" lang=\"kmr\" dir=\"ltr\">Kurmanc\u00ee<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/ckb\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"ckb\" lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/ar\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"ar\" lang=\"ar\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fa\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"fa\" lang=\"fa\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/tr\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"tr\" lang=\"tr\" dir=\"ltr\">T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/az\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"az\" lang=\"az\" dir=\"ltr\">Az\u0259rbaycanca<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/de\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"de\" lang=\"de\" dir=\"ltr\">Deutsch<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fr\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"fr\" lang=\"fr\" dir=\"ltr\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/it\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"it\" lang=\"it\" dir=\"ltr\">Italiano<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/ja\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"ja\" lang=\"ja\" dir=\"ltr\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/ru\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"ru\" lang=\"ru\" dir=\"ltr\">\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/es\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"es\" lang=\"es\" dir=\"ltr\">Espa\u00f1ol<\/a><\/li><li><a 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14h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M12 14h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M16 14h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M8 18h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M12 18h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M16 18h.01\" \/><\/svg><span>Calendar<\/span><\/a><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-tabbar__menu\" data-pf-tabmenu=\"\" aria-controls=\"pf-nv-menu\" hidden><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><line x1=\"4\" x2=\"20\" y1=\"12\" y2=\"12\" \/> <line x1=\"4\" x2=\"20\" y1=\"6\" y2=\"6\" \/> <line x1=\"4\" x2=\"20\" y1=\"18\" y2=\"18\" \/><\/svg><span>Menu<\/span><\/button><\/nav><div class=\"pf-canvas\"><nav class=\"pf-crumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/\">KCO<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/\">Heritage<\/a><\/li><li aria-current=\"page\">Literature<\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<header class=\"pf-hero\">\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__art\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"pf-rule-art 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d=\"M0,47L0,21L20,21.7L40,23.2L60,25.5L80,28.4L100,31.8L120,35.5L140,39.1L160,42.5L180,45.6L200,45.8L220,43.7L240,42.2L260,41.3L280,40.8L300,40.7L320,40.9L340,41.2L360,41.5L380,41.7L400,41.8L420,41.9L440,41.8L460,41.7L480,41.8L500,42L520,42.7L540,43.7L560,45.3L580,46.7L600,44.1L620,41L640,37.7L660,34.2L680,30.7L700,27.5L720,24.8L740,22.8L760,21.5L780,21.2L800,21.7L820,23.2L840,25.5L860,28.5L880,32L900,35.7L920,39.5L940,43.1L960,46.4L980,44.8L1000,42.6L1020,41L1040,40L1060,39.6L1080,39.5L1100,39.8L1120,40.3L1140,40.9L1160,41.4L1180,41.8L1200,42.1\"\/><path class=\"pf-rule-art__hue\" d=\"M0,47L0,41.2L20,43.7L40,46L60,46L80,44.4L100,43.3L120,42.6L140,42.4L160,42.6L180,42.9L200,43.4L220,43.9L240,44.5L260,44.9L280,45.4L300,45.9L320,46.5L340,46.8L360,45.9L380,44.7L400,43.4L420,41.9L440,40.5L460,39.1L480,38.1L500,37.5L520,37.5L540,38.2L560,39.5L580,41.5L600,44L620,46.9L640,44.1L660,41.1L680,38.5L700,36.4L720,35L740,34.3L760,34.4L780,35.2L800,36.6L820,38.5L840,40.6L860,42.7L880,44.7L900,46.5L920,46.1L940,45L960,44.4L980,44L1000,43.9L1020,44L1040,44.1L1060,44.2L1080,44.3L1100,44.5L1120,44.7L1140,45L1160,45.6L1180,46.4L1200,46.5\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__text\">\n    <p class=\"pf-eyebrow\"><span>Heritage<\/span><\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"pf-h1\">Literature<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"pf-lede\">From Melay\u00ea Ciz\u00eer\u00ee and Ehmed\u00ea Xan\u00ee to the modern novel.<\/p>\n    \n  <\/div>\n  \n  \n<\/header>\n<ul class=\"pf-cards pf-cards--3\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\">Melay\u00ea Ciz\u00eer\u00ee<\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Classical Sufi poet<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\">Ehmed\u00ea Xan\u00ee<\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Mem \u00fb Z\u00een, 1692<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\">Nal\u00ee<\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Baban-school poet of Sorani<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\">Hac\u00ee Qadir\u00ea Koy\u00ee<\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Precursor of Kurdish nationalism in poetry<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\">Mastoureh Ardalan<\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Poet and historian, 1805 to 1848<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\">Abdulla Goran<\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Father of modern Sorani poetry<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\">Cegerxw\u00een<\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Kurmanji poet<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\">Sherko Bekas<\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Sorani poet<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\">Mehmed Uzun<\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">The modern Kurmanji novel, written in exile in Sweden<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\">Bachtyar Ali<\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Novelist<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><\/ul><details class=\"pf-cite\" id=\"cite\"><summary>Cite this page<\/summary><div class=\"pf-cite__body\"><dl class=\"pf-cite__list\">\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">APA<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-apa\" translate=\"no\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization. (2026). <i>Literature<\/i>. kurds.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/literature\/\">https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/literature\/<\/a><\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-apa\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copy<\/span><span hidden>Copied<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">Chicago<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-chicago\" translate=\"no\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization. 2026. \u201cLiterature.\u201d kurds.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/literature\/\">https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/literature\/<\/a>.<\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-chicago\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copy<\/span><span hidden>Copied<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">BibTeX<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" translate=\"no\">@misc{kco2026_heritage_literature,\n\tauthor = {{The Kurdish Cooperation Organization}},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {Licence: CC BY 4.0},\n\ttitle = {Literature},\n\turl = {https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/literature\/},\n\thowpublished = {https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/literature\/},\n}\n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copy<\/span><span hidden>Copied<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/kurds-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/kco2026_heritage_literature.bib\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/kco2026_heritage_literature.bib\" download=\"kco2026_heritage_literature.bib\">Download <span translate=\"no\">.bib<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">RIS<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-ris\" translate=\"no\">TY  - ELEC\nAU  - The Kurdish Cooperation Organization\nDA  - 2026\/\/\/\nPY  - 2026\nID  - kco2026_heritage_lit\nN1  - Licence: CC BY 4.0\nTI  - Literature\nUR  - https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/literature\/\nER  - \n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-ris\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copy<\/span><span hidden>Copied<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/kurds-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/kco2026_heritage_literature.ris\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/kco2026_heritage_literature.ris\" download=\"kco2026_heritage_literature.ris\">Download <span translate=\"no\">.ris<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<\/dl><p class=\"pf-cite__meta\">Licence <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" translate=\"no\" rel=\"license\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"pf-notice\" id=\"before-you-begin\" data-pf-notice=\"material\"><summary class=\"pf-notice__sum\"><span class=\"pf-notice__k\">Before you begin<\/span> <span class=\"pf-notice__line\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization is a federation of communities that learn from one another. It is not a university, claims no public authority and serves no government, party or faith body.<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"pf-notice__body\">\n<p class=\"pf-notice__lead\">Outside sources keep their own licences. A listing or a link is not an endorsement.<\/p>\n\n<div data-pf-notice-evidence=\"\"><h3 class=\"pf-notice__h\">How this page handles evidence<\/h3><p>Every figure carries its measure, year, source and label. Unknown is shown as unknown.<\/p><dl class=\"pf-notice__labels\"><div><dt><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">Verified<\/span><\/dt><dd>A label: the item matches its primary record, such as the official table or the Crossref entry.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--secondary\">Secondary source<\/span><\/dt><dd>A label: the figure comes from a reliable report about the source, not from the source itself.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">To verify<\/span><\/dt><dd>A label: the item is listed as found and still needs checking against its source.<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><h4 class=\"pf-notice__h4\">Sources<\/h4><p class=\"pf-notice__small\">Open scholarly records on this subject, from approved indexes. Listed for reference, not yet reviewed.<\/p><ol class=\"pf-notice__srcs\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">Michiel Leezenberg (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33182\/ks.v7i1.487\" rel=\"noopener\">Language, Kingship, and Nation: The Ambiguous Politics of Ehmed\u00ea Xan\u00ee&#8217;s Mem \u00fb Z\u00een<\/a>. Kurdish Studies. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33182\/ks.v7i1.487\">10.33182\/ks.v7i1.487<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">Marouf Cabi (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110634686-005\" rel=\"noopener\">Sherko Bekas and the Emergence of Postnational Kurdish Literature<\/a>. Essays on Modern Kurdish Literature. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110634686-005\">10.1515\/9783110634686-005<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">Mahmudi A, Veisi H (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0280263\" rel=\"noopener\">Automatic meter classification of Kurdish poems.<\/a>. PLoS One. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0280263\">10.1371\/journal.pone.0280263<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">Jon E. Bullock (2023). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110634686-007\" rel=\"noopener\">Kurdish Music as Literature: Some Historical Considerations<\/a>. Essays on Modern Kurdish Literature. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110634686-007\">10.1515\/9783110634686-007<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">Sangar Qadir Sheikh Mohammed (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31918\/twejer.2471.07\" rel=\"noopener\">Characteristics of contemporary Kurdish poetry such as the poems of Sabah Ranjdar<\/a>. Twejer. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31918\/twejer.2471.07\">10.31918\/twejer.2471.07<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"pf-notice__cite\"><a href=\"#cite\">Cite this page<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"pf-notice__foot\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/news\/corrections\/\">Report an error<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/about-this-network\/\">What we are and are not<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/details>\n<section class=\"pf-section\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\">Research and sources<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">Recent and relevant work on this page&#8217;s subject, from approved open scholarly sources. Metadata and links only. Titles stay as published. Not yet reviewed.<\/p>\n  <ol class=\"pf-srchub\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33182\/ks.v7i1.487\" rel=\"noopener\">Language, Kingship, and Nation: The Ambiguous Politics of Ehmed\u00ea Xan\u00ee&#8217;s Mem \u00fb Z\u00een<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Michiel Leezenberg \u00b7 2019 \u00b7 Kurdish Studies<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAlex<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110634686-005\" rel=\"noopener\">Sherko Bekas and the Emergence of Postnational Kurdish Literature<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Marouf Cabi \u00b7 2023 \u00b7 Essays on Modern Kurdish Literature<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Chapter<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAIRE<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0280263\" rel=\"noopener\">Automatic meter classification of Kurdish poems.<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Mahmudi A, Veisi H \u00b7 2023 \u00b7 PLoS One<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Europe PMC<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">arXiv<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110634686-007\" rel=\"noopener\">Kurdish Music as Literature: Some Historical Considerations<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Jon E. Bullock \u00b7 2023 \u00b7 Essays on Modern Kurdish Literature<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Chapter<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAIRE<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31918\/twejer.2471.07\" rel=\"noopener\">Characteristics of contemporary Kurdish poetry such as the poems of Sabah Ranjdar<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Sangar Qadir Sheikh Mohammed \u00b7 2024 \u00b7 Twejer<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAlex<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY-NC-SA<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21600\/ijoks.516489\" rel=\"noopener\">Kurdish Poetry from the perspective of the criteria of textuality, Kurdish poetry texts of Central Kurdish dialect as an example<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Nawzad Waqas SAHID, Rebwar Muhammed ISMAIL \u00b7 2019 \u00b7 International Journal of Kurdish Studies<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurdishmuseum.org\/2026\/07\/06\/after-decades-spent-gathering-kurdish-literature-and-cultural-artifacts-for-an-exile-museum-one-mans-lifes-work-is-under-threat\/\" rel=\"noopener\">After decades spent gathering Kurdish literature and cultural artifacts for an \u201cexile museum,\u201d one man\u2019s life\u2019s work is under threat.<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">2026 \u00b7 Kurdish Exile Museum<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Kurdish Exile Museum<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35859\/artuklukurdology.1969948\" rel=\"noopener\">Aheng Weke H\u00eamaneke Helbest\u00ea: Nim\u00fbneya Helbest\u00ean Ehmed\u00ea Xan\u00ee<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Mustafa Erta\u015f \u00b7 2026 \u00b7 Artuklu Kurdology<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.8194815\" rel=\"noopener\">\u015eewqiy\u00ea Xan\u00ee li Pey \u015eopa Ehmed\u00ea Xan\u00ee: Berawirdkirinek li Ser Mulemme&#8217;\u00ean Wan \u00ean \u00c7arziman\u00ee<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Abdurrahman Adak \u00b7 2016 \u00b7 Zenodo<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DataCite<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Zenodo<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY-4.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31918\/twejer.2142.6\" rel=\"noopener\">The poetry of teaching poetry as an experience in Kurdish literature<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Kurdish Department, College of Languages, Salahaddin University, Mohsin Ahmed Omar \u00b7 2021 \u00b7 Twejer<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22103\/jcl.2022.18595.3393\" rel=\"noopener\">An Epistemological Look at Persian Poetry in the Courts of Kurdish Poets in the Nineteenth Century<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Yadollah Pashabadi \u00b7 2022 \u00b7 \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642\u06cc<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DOAJ<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55253\/2024.nubihar.1569071\" rel=\"noopener\">Cotepeyv di Mem \u00fb Z\u00eena Ehmed\u00ea Xan\u00ee da<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Sevim Hatun S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc, Zafer A\u00e7ar \u00b7 2024 \u00b7 Nubihar Akademi<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DOAJ<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"pf-srchub__foot\">Sources, licences and fetch dates: <span translate=\"no\">arXiv (<a href=\"https:\/\/info.arxiv.org\/help\/api\/tou.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata CC0 1.0; papers under their own licences<\/a>), 2026-10-23; Crossref (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.crossref.org\/documentation\/retrieve-metadata\/rest-api\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata facts, any use; abstracts may be publisher-owned and are never shown<\/a>), 2026-10-23; DataCite (<a href=\"https:\/\/support.datacite.org\/docs\/datacite-metadata-schema\" rel=\"noopener\">CC0 1.0 (DataCite metadata)<\/a>), 2026-10-23; DOAJ (<a href=\"https:\/\/doaj.org\/terms\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata CC0 1.0 (DOAJ); articles under their own open licences<\/a>), 2026-10-23; Europe PMC (<a href=\"https:\/\/europepmc.org\/Copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata reusable; full text under each article&#8217;s licence<\/a>), 2026-10-23; Kurdish Exile Museum (<a href=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">Site feed; headline and link only<\/a>), 2026-10-23; OpenAIRE (<a href=\"https:\/\/graph.openaire.eu\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0 (OpenAIRE Graph)<\/a>), 2026-10-23; OpenAlex (<a href=\"https:\/\/help.openalex.org\/access\/pricing\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC0-1.0 data; metered API (free key)<\/a>), 2026-10-23; Zenodo (<a href=\"https:\/\/about.zenodo.org\/terms\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata CC0 1.0; each record under its own licence<\/a>), 2026-10-23.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<aside class=\"pf-closing\" aria-label=\"Build it with us\"><div class=\"pf-closing__text\"><h2 class=\"pf-closing__title\">Build it with us<\/h2><p>Join as a member, or tell us what your city needs. You choose what you share.<\/p><\/div><p class=\"pf-actions\"><a class=\"pf-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/join\/\" data-pf-auth=\"guest\">Join<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/members\/me\/\" data-pf-auth=\"member\">Your profile<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/contact\/\">Contact<\/a><\/p><\/aside><\/div><footer class=\"pf-netfoot pf-nf\" aria-label=\"Network\">\n  <div class=\"pf-netfoot__id\"><a class=\"pf-netfoot__brand\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/\"><svg class=\"pf-mark pf-mark--kilim\" viewBox=\"-5.6 -5.6 11.2 11.2\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\"><g><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"-5.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-1.5\" y=\"-4.5\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-2.5\" y=\"-3.5\" width=\"5\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-3.5\" y=\"-2.5\" width=\"7\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect 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hreflang=\"kmr\" lang=\"kmr\" dir=\"ltr\">Kurmanc\u00ee<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/ckb\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"ckb\" lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/ar\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"ar\" lang=\"ar\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fa\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"fa\" lang=\"fa\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/tr\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"tr\" lang=\"tr\" dir=\"ltr\">T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/az\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"az\" lang=\"az\" dir=\"ltr\">Az\u0259rbaycanca<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/de\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"de\" lang=\"de\" dir=\"ltr\">Deutsch<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/es\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"es\" lang=\"es\" dir=\"ltr\">Espa\u00f1ol<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fr\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"fr\" lang=\"fr\" dir=\"ltr\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/hi\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"hi\" lang=\"hi\" dir=\"ltr\">\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/id\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"id\" lang=\"id\" dir=\"ltr\">Bahasa Indonesia<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/it\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"it\" lang=\"it\" dir=\"ltr\">Italiano<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/ja\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"ja\" lang=\"ja\" dir=\"ltr\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/ko\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"ko\" lang=\"ko\" dir=\"ltr\">\ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/pt\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"pt\" lang=\"pt\" dir=\"ltr\">Portugu\u00eas<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/ru\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"ru\" lang=\"ru\" dir=\"ltr\">\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/zh\/literature\/\" hreflang=\"zh\" lang=\"zh\" dir=\"ltr\">\u7b80\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <p class=\"pf-netfoot__legal\"><span lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization (KCO)<\/span> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/guide\/charter-of-the-kurdish-cooperation-organization-kco\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Charter version<\/a> <span class=\"pf-nf__ver\" dir=\"ltr\">1.0.0.1<\/span><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-netfoot__pos\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization is a non-partisan, non-violent federation of Kurdish communities in the homeland, region and diaspora. It is not a university and claims no public authority. <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/about-this-network\/\">About this network: what we are and are not<\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>KCOkurds.global KCOHeritage Network Areas 01Academy Every field of knowledge, courses in all Kurdish varieties, and communities of practice. 02Heritage History from the Zagros to today, memory, faiths, arts, literature and &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/literature\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Literature&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_buddyx_sub_header_visibility":"","_buddyx_sub_header_title_visibility":"","_hide_show_side_panel":"","_buddyxpro_page_sidebar":"","_buddyxpro_page_disable_header":"","_buddyxpro_page_disable_footer":"","_buddyxpro_page_content_width":"","_buddyxpro_page_header_style":"","_buddyxpro_page_color_mode":"","_buddyxpro_page_loader":"","_nx_seo_description":"","_nx_seo_title":"","_nx_seo_image":"","_nx_seo_jsonld":"","_nx_i18n_locale":"","_nx_i18n_group":"","footnotes":"","_nx_seo_image_alt":"","_nx_seo_canonical":"","_nx_seo_robots":"","_nx_seo_schema_type":""},"class_list":["post-54","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/54","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=54"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/54\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=54"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}