{"id":290,"date":"2026-11-01T18:24:12","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T18:24:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/languages\/ru\/"},"modified":"2026-11-01T18:24:12","modified_gmt":"2026-11-01T18:24:12","slug":"ru","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/languages\/ru\/","title":{"rendered":"Russian"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"pf\" lang=\"fr\" dir=\"ltr\" data-site=\"\/language\/\" data-net=\"kco\" data-kit=\"d46\" data-kind=\"page\">\n<div class=\"pf-top pf-nv\" data-pf-nav=\"\" data-pf-more=\"Plus\">\n<a class=\"pf-brand\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/\"><svg class=\"pf-mark pf-mark--kilim\" viewBox=\"-5.6 -5.6 11.2 11.2\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\"><g><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"-5.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-1.5\" y=\"-4.5\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-2.5\" y=\"-3.5\" width=\"5\" height=\"1\" 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height=\"1\" class=\"m0\"\/><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"-2.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-1.5\" y=\"-1.5\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-2.5\" y=\"-0.5\" width=\"5\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-1.5\" y=\"0.5\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"1.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m2\"\/><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"-0.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m0\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span><b>KCO<\/b><small translate=\"no\">kurds.global<\/small><\/span><\/a><a class=\"pf-nv__site pf-scope\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/\" data-area=\"language\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M20 10c0 4.993-5.539 10.193-7.399 11.799a1 1 0 0 1-1.202 0C9.539 20.193 4 14.993 4 10a8 8 0 0 1 16 0\" \/> <circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"10\" r=\"3\" \/><\/svg><span class=\"pf-scope__crumbs\"><b>KCO<\/b><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"m9 18 6-6-6-6\" \/><\/svg><span>Langues<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n<nav class=\"pf-nv__menu\" id=\"pf-nv-menu\" aria-label=\"R\u00e9seau\"><ul class=\"pf-nv__bar\"><li class=\"pf-nv__item\"><details class=\"pf-nv__d\" data-pf-mega=\"network\" data-pf-lazy=\"\"><summary class=\"pf-nv__sum\" aria-controls=\"pf-nv-network\" data-tip=\"R\u00e9seau\"><span>R\u00e9seau<\/span><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect width=\"7\" height=\"7\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"1\" \/> <rect width=\"7\" height=\"7\" x=\"14\" y=\"3\" rx=\"1\" \/> <rect width=\"7\" height=\"7\" x=\"14\" y=\"14\" rx=\"1\" \/> <rect width=\"7\" height=\"7\" x=\"3\" y=\"14\" rx=\"1\" \/><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"pf-nv__panel\" id=\"pf-nv-network\"><div class=\"pf-nv__in pf-nv__in--network\">\n<div class=\"pf-nv__primary\"><p class=\"pf-nv__h\">Domaines<\/p><ol class=\"pf-nv__svcs\"><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"learn\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/fr\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span>Acad\u00e9mie<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">Tous les domaines du savoir, des cours dans toutes les vari\u00e9t\u00e9s du kurde, et des communaut\u00e9s de pratique.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"heritage\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/fr\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span>Patrimoine<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">L&#8217;histoire, du Zagros \u00e0 aujourd&#8217;hui, la m\u00e9moire, les religions, les arts, la litt\u00e9rature et la cuisine.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"language\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/\" aria-current=\"page\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span>Langues<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">Kurmandji, sorani, zazaki, kurde du Sud et gorani, dans toutes les \u00e9critures.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"research\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/research\/fr\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span>Recherche<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u00c9tudes kurdes : l&#8217;observatoire, des listes de lecture et de nouvelles recherches.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"opportunities\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/opportunities\/fr\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span>Opportunit\u00e9s<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">Moyens de subsistance, comp\u00e9tences, emplois, mentorat et passerelles entre la diaspora et la r\u00e9gion.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"civic\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/civic\/fr\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">06<\/span><span>Vie civique<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u00c9ducation civique, connaissance des droits, aide aux personnes apatrides et dialogue.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"development\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/fr\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">07<\/span><span>D\u00e9veloppement<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">Programmes sociaux, moyens de subsistance et pr\u00e9paration aux catastrophes pour les communaut\u00e9s kurdes.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"news\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/news\/fr\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">08<\/span><span>Actualit\u00e9s et \u00e9v\u00e9nements<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">L&#8217;actualit\u00e9 kurde et r\u00e9gionale, chaque m\u00e9dia \u00e9tant \u00e9tiquet\u00e9, et le calendrier des journ\u00e9es kurdes.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-nv__aside\"><p class=\"pf-nv__h\">KCO<\/p><ul class=\"pf-nv__links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/\">Accueil<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/country-programmes\/\">Programmes nationaux<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/areas\/\">Domaines d&#8217;action<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/calendar\/\">Calendrier<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/the-community\/\">Les communaut\u00e9s kurdes<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/details><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__item\"><details class=\"pf-nv__d\" data-pf-mega=\"countries\" data-pf-lazy=\"\"><summary class=\"pf-nv__sum\" aria-controls=\"pf-nv-countries\" data-tip=\"Programmes nationaux\"><span>Programmes nationaux<\/span><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M21.54 15H17a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v4.54\" \/> <path d=\"M7 3.34V5a3 3 0 0 0 3 3a2 2 0 0 1 2 2c0 1.1.9 2 2 2a2 2 0 0 0 2-2c0-1.1.9-2 2-2h3.17\" \/> <path d=\"M11 21.95V18a2 2 0 0 0-2-2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-1a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2.05\" 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href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/members\/me\/\">Votre profil<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/start\/\">Tableau de bord<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/members\/me\/settings\/\">Param\u00e8tres<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/login\/sessions\/\">Vos sessions<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/login\/?action=logout\" data-pf-logout=\"\">Se d\u00e9connecter<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/details><details class=\"pf-langs\" data-pf-langs=\"\"><summary data-tip=\"Langues\"><span class=\"pf-sr\">Langues<\/span><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"9\"\/><path d=\"M3 12h18M12 3c2.6 2.8 3.9 5.8 3.9 9s-1.3 6.2-3.9 9c-2.6-2.8-3.9-5.8-3.9-9S9.4 5.8 12 3z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"pf-sr\" lang=\"fr\" dir=\"ltr\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/span><span class=\"pf-langs__code\" translate=\"no\" aria-hidden=\"true\">FR<\/span><span class=\"pf-langs__count\">18<\/span><\/summary><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"en\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">English<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/kmr\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"kmr\" lang=\"kmr\" dir=\"ltr\">Kurmanc\u00ee<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/ckb\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"ckb\" lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/ar\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"ar\" lang=\"ar\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fa\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"fa\" lang=\"fa\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/tr\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"tr\" lang=\"tr\" dir=\"ltr\">T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/az\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"az\" lang=\"az\" dir=\"ltr\">Az\u0259rbaycanca<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/de\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"de\" lang=\"de\" dir=\"ltr\">Deutsch<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"fr\" lang=\"fr\" dir=\"ltr\" aria-current=\"true\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/it\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"it\" lang=\"it\" dir=\"ltr\">Italiano<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/ja\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"ja\" lang=\"ja\" dir=\"ltr\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/ru\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"ru\" lang=\"ru\" dir=\"ltr\">\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/es\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"es\" lang=\"es\" dir=\"ltr\">Espa\u00f1ol<\/a><\/li><li><a 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Elle est en cours de relecture par des locuteurs natifs\u00a0; la page en anglais fait foi.<\/p><\/aside><nav class=\"pf-crumbs\" aria-label=\"Fil d'Ariane\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/\">KCO<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/\">Langue<\/a><\/li><li aria-current=\"page\">Russe<\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<header class=\"pf-hero\">\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__art\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"pf-rule-art pf-rule-art--wave\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 48\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path 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d=\"M0,47L0,21L20,21.7L40,23.2L60,25.5L80,28.4L100,31.8L120,35.5L140,39.1L160,42.5L180,45.6L200,45.8L220,43.7L240,42.2L260,41.3L280,40.8L300,40.7L320,40.9L340,41.2L360,41.5L380,41.7L400,41.8L420,41.9L440,41.8L460,41.7L480,41.8L500,42L520,42.7L540,43.7L560,45.3L580,46.7L600,44.1L620,41L640,37.7L660,34.2L680,30.7L700,27.5L720,24.8L740,22.8L760,21.5L780,21.2L800,21.7L820,23.2L840,25.5L860,28.5L880,32L900,35.7L920,39.5L940,43.1L960,46.4L980,44.8L1000,42.6L1020,41L1040,40L1060,39.6L1080,39.5L1100,39.8L1120,40.3L1140,40.9L1160,41.4L1180,41.8L1200,42.1\"\/><path class=\"pf-rule-art__hue\" d=\"M0,47L0,41.2L20,43.7L40,46L60,46L80,44.4L100,43.3L120,42.6L140,42.4L160,42.6L180,42.9L200,43.4L220,43.9L240,44.5L260,44.9L280,45.4L300,45.9L320,46.5L340,46.8L360,45.9L380,44.7L400,43.4L420,41.9L440,40.5L460,39.1L480,38.1L500,37.5L520,37.5L540,38.2L560,39.5L580,41.5L600,44L620,46.9L640,44.1L660,41.1L680,38.5L700,36.4L720,35L740,34.3L760,34.4L780,35.2L800,36.6L820,38.5L840,40.6L860,42.7L880,44.7L900,46.5L920,46.1L940,45L960,44.4L980,44L1000,43.9L1020,44L1040,44.1L1060,44.2L1080,44.3L1100,44.5L1120,44.7L1140,45L1160,45.6L1180,46.4L1200,46.5\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__text\">\n    <p class=\"pf-eyebrow\"><span>Langue<\/span><\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"pf-h1\">Russe<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"pf-lede\">L&#8217;ex-URSS, comme deuxi\u00e8me langue des communaut\u00e9s kurdes<\/p>\n    <p class=\"pf-actions\"><a class=\"pf-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/join\/\">Aider cette langue<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/languages\/ru\/writing\/\">\u00c9criture<\/a><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__aside\"><p class=\"pf-specimen\" lang=\"ru\" dir=\"ltr\">\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/p><\/div>\n  \n<\/header>\n<nav class=\"pf-lx-tabs\" aria-label=\"Russe : pages\"><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/languages\/ru\/\" aria-current=\"page\">Aper\u00e7u<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/languages\/ru\/writing\/\">\u00c9criture<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/languages\/ru\/linguistics\/\">Linguistique<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/languages\/ru\/learn\/\">Apprendre<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/languages\/ru\/resources\/\">Ressources et pr\u00e9servation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav>\n<nav class=\"pf-toc\" aria-label=\"Sur cette page\"><p class=\"pf-toc__h\">Sur cette page<\/p><ol><li><a href=\"#s1\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">01<\/span><span>La langue<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s2\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">02<\/span><span>Noms et points de vue<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s3\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">03<\/span><span>O\u00f9 elle est parl\u00e9e, et par combien de personnes<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s4\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">04<\/span><span>Statut<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s5\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">05<\/span><span>Vari\u00e9t\u00e9s et dialectes<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s6\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">06<\/span><span>Pages de cette langue<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s7\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">07<\/span><span>Comment aider<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s8\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">08<\/span><span>Sources<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s9\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">09<\/span><span>Recherche et sources<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s1\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">01<\/span>La langue<\/h2>\n  \n  <dl class=\"pf-facts\"><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Codes<\/dt><dd><span translate=\"no\">ISO 639-3: rus \u00b7 Glottocode: russ1263 \u00b7 page code: ru<\/span><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Famille<\/dt><dd><span translate=\"no\">Indo-European \u203a Classical Indo-European \u203a Balto-Slavic \u203a Slavic \u203a East Slavic<\/span><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>\u00c9criture<\/dt><dd>Cyrl, de gauche \u00e0 droite<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Interface<\/dt><dd><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--ok\">Site principal, relecture native en attente<\/span><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Phase de la plateforme<\/dt><dd>Sur demande<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Prise en charge technique<\/dt><dd>Bien pris en charge<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 avec<\/dt><dd>IBM Plex Sans<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Notes<\/dt><dd>Ex-URSS<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><p class=\"pf-lx-src\"><span class=\"pf-lx-src__h\">Sources<\/span> <cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/glottolog.org\" rel=\"noopener\">Hammarstr\u00f6m, Forkel, Haspelmath and Bank. Glottolog 5.3. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">V\u00e9rifi\u00e9<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-src__sep\">; <\/span><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iso639-3.sil.org\" rel=\"noopener\">ISO 639-3 code tables. SIL International, registration authority.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u00c0 v\u00e9rifier<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s2\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">02<\/span>Noms et points de vue<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">Lorsque les noms, la classification ou l&#8217;identit\u00e9 sont d\u00e9battus, chaque point de vue est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 avec ses sources. La plateforme ne prend pas parti.<\/p>\n  <ul class=\"pf-lx-endo\" role=\"list\"><li><span lang=\"ru\" dir=\"ltr\">\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/span> <span class=\"pf-lx-rom\" translate=\"no\">russkiy<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul class=\"pf-lx-views\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-lx-view\"><h3 class=\"pf-lx-view__t\">Chez les Kurdes<\/h3><p>Les communaut\u00e9s kurdes de l&#8217;ex-Union sovi\u00e9tique emploient souvent le russe comme seconde langue, \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 du kurmandji.<\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-src\"><span class=\"pf-lx-src__h\">Sources<\/span> <cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\">Haig and \u00d6pengin. Kurdish: A critical research overview. Kurdish Studies 2 (2). (2014)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u00c0 v\u00e9rifier<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s3\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">03<\/span>O\u00f9 elle est parl\u00e9e, et par combien de personnes<\/h2>\n  \n  <p>L&#8217;ex-URSS, comme deuxi\u00e8me langue des communaut\u00e9s kurdes<\/p><div class=\"pf-lx-unknown\"><p class=\"pf-lx-unknown__v\">Inconnu<\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-unknown__t\">Locuteurs : aucun chiffre de locuteurs n&#8217;a encore \u00e9t\u00e9 v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 pour cette plateforme. Il reste inconnu tant qu&#8217;un chiffre de recensement ou d&#8217;enqu\u00eate n&#8217;est pas v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 avec sa mesure, son ann\u00e9e et sa source.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s4\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">04<\/span>Statut<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">L&#8217;Atlas mondial des langues de l&#8217;UNESCO est la source des Nations Unies ; son statut est montr\u00e9 en premier et reste \u00e0 v\u00e9rifier tant que l&#8217;Atlas ne peut pas \u00eatre lu. \u00c0 c\u00f4t\u00e9, l&#8217;Agglomerated Endangerment Status de Glottolog r\u00e9unit le Catalogue of Endangered Languages, l&#8217;Atlas de l&#8217;UNESCO et Ethnologue. Ethnologue n&#8217;appara\u00eet que comme source secondaire.<\/p>\n  <div class=\"pf-table-wrap\"><table class=\"pf-table\">\n  \n  <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Entr\u00e9e<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Statut<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Base<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n  <tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Atlas mondial des langues de l&#8217;UNESCO<\/th><td><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">\u00c0 v\u00e9rifier<\/span><\/td><td><\/td><td><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wal.unesco.org\" rel=\"noopener\">UNESCO. World Atlas of Languages.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u00c0 v\u00e9rifier<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span translate=\"no\">Russian<\/span><\/th><td><span class=\"pf-lx-aes pf-lx-aes--ok\">Non menac\u00e9e<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">1 (National)<\/span><\/td><td><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\">Eberhard, Simons and Fennig (eds.). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 28th edition. SIL International. (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--secondary\">Source secondaire<\/span> <span class=\"pf-lx-via\">via Glottolog<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s5\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">05<\/span>Vari\u00e9t\u00e9s et dialectes<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">Groupes de dialectes tels que Glottolog les enregistre. Les noms restent ceux de la publication.<\/p>\n  <div class=\"pf-lx-dia\"><div class=\"pf-lx-dia__g\"><h3 class=\"pf-lx-dia__t\" translate=\"no\">Russian<\/h3><p class=\"pf-lx-dia__m\">14 dialectes recens\u00e9s<\/p><ul class=\"pf-lx-dia__list\" role=\"list\" translate=\"no\"><li>Central Russian<\/li><li>Kodiak Creole Russian<\/li><li>Ninilchik<\/li><li>North Russian<\/li><li>South Russian<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><p class=\"pf-lx-src\"><span class=\"pf-lx-src__h\">Sources<\/span> <cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/glottolog.org\" rel=\"noopener\">Hammarstr\u00f6m, Forkel, Haspelmath and Bank. Glottolog 5.3. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">V\u00e9rifi\u00e9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s6\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">06<\/span>Pages de cette langue<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-cards pf-cards--2\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/languages\/ru\/writing\/\">\u00c9criture<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Les \u00e9critures, le tableau de l&#8217;alphabet, la romanisation, les chiffres, les claviers et les polices.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/languages\/ru\/linguistics\/\">Linguistique<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Sons en API, prononciation, grammaire et mots de base compar\u00e9s aux langues voisines.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/languages\/ru\/learn\/\">Apprendre<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Un parcours des premiers pas \u00e0 l&#8217;aisance, avec des cours, des examens et des programmes de langue d&#8217;origine.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/languages\/ru\/resources\/\">Ressources et pr\u00e9servation<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Dictionnaires, corpus, biblioth\u00e8ques et m\u00e9dias ; mise en danger et documentation ; comment contribuer.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s7\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">07<\/span>Comment aider<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-list\"><li>Relecteurs natifs\u00a0: lisez les pages en russe et marquez-les comme relues.<\/li><li>Enseignants et auteurs\u00a0: aidez \u00e0 r\u00e9diger le premier cours de russe.<\/li><li>Sources\u00a0: signalez \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9quipe de recherche des dictionnaires, des corpus et des enregistrements sous licence ouverte. Chacun entre dans le registre des sources pour examen.<\/li><li>Polices et claviers\u00a0: signalez toute lettre qui ne s&#8217;affiche pas ou ne se tape pas correctement.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s8\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">08<\/span>Sources<\/h2>\n  \n  <ol class=\"pf-lx-bib\" role=\"list\"><li id=\"src-glottolog\"><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/glottolog.org\" rel=\"noopener\">Hammarstr\u00f6m, Forkel, Haspelmath and Bank. Glottolog 5.3. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.<\/a> <span class=\"pf-lx-bib__y\">2025<\/span><\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__m\"><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">V\u00e9rifi\u00e9<\/span> <span translate=\"no\">CC BY 4.0<\/span> Classification, groupes de dialectes et statut agr\u00e9g\u00e9 de mise en danger (AES), consult\u00e9s le 2026-10-23.<\/p><\/li><li id=\"src-haig-opengin2014\"><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__t\" translate=\"no\">Haig and \u00d6pengin. Kurdish: A critical research overview. Kurdish Studies 2 (2). <span class=\"pf-lx-bib__y\">2014<\/span><\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__m\"><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u00c0 v\u00e9rifier<\/span><\/p><\/li><li id=\"src-unesco-wal\"><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wal.unesco.org\" rel=\"noopener\">UNESCO. World Atlas of Languages.<\/a> <span class=\"pf-lx-bib__y\">2025<\/span><\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__m\"><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u00c0 v\u00e9rifier<\/span> Inaccessible lors de la v\u00e9rification du 2026-10-23. Son statut pour chaque langue est \u00e0 v\u00e9rifier.<\/p><\/li><li id=\"src-ethnologue\"><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__t\" translate=\"no\">Eberhard, Simons and Fennig (eds.). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 28th edition. SIL International. <span class=\"pf-lx-bib__y\">2025<\/span><\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__m\"><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--secondary\">Source secondaire<\/span> Cit\u00e9 uniquement tel que Glottolog le rapporte (sa source AES). Ethnologue lui-m\u00eame n&#8217;a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 consult\u00e9.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>\n<\/section><details class=\"pf-cite\" id=\"cite\"><summary>Citer cette page<\/summary><div class=\"pf-cite__body\"><dl class=\"pf-cite__list\">\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">APA<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-apa\" translate=\"no\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization. (2026). <i>Russian<\/i>. kurds.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/languages\/ru\/\">https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/languages\/ru\/<\/a><\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-apa\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copier<\/span><span hidden>Copi\u00e9<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">Chicago<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-chicago\" translate=\"no\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization. 2026. \u201cRussian.\u201d kurds.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/languages\/ru\/\">https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/languages\/ru\/<\/a>.<\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-chicago\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copier<\/span><span hidden>Copi\u00e9<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">BibTeX<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" translate=\"no\">@misc{kco2026_language_languages_ru,\n\tauthor = {{The Kurdish Cooperation Organization}},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {Licence: CC BY 4.0},\n\ttitle = {Russian},\n\turl = {https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/languages\/ru\/},\n\thowpublished = {https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/languages\/ru\/},\n}\n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copier<\/span><span hidden>Copi\u00e9<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/kurds-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/kco2026_language_languages_ru.bib\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/kco2026_language_languages_ru.bib\" download=\"kco2026_language_languages_ru.bib\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger <span translate=\"no\">.bib<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">RIS<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-ris\" translate=\"no\">TY  - ELEC\nAU  - The Kurdish Cooperation Organization\nDA  - 2026\/\/\/\nPY  - 2026\nID  - kco2026_language_lan\nN1  - Licence: CC BY 4.0\nTI  - Russian\nUR  - https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/languages\/ru\/\nER  - \n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-ris\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Copier<\/span><span hidden>Copi\u00e9<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/kurds-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/kco2026_language_languages_ru.ris\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/kco2026_language_languages_ru.ris\" download=\"kco2026_language_languages_ru.ris\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger <span translate=\"no\">.ris<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<\/dl><p class=\"pf-cite__meta\">Licence <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" translate=\"no\" rel=\"license\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s9\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">09<\/span>Recherche et sources<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">Travaux r\u00e9cents et pertinents sur le sujet de cette page, issus de sources scientifiques ouvertes approuv\u00e9es. M\u00e9tadonn\u00e9es et liens uniquement. Les titres restent tels que publi\u00e9s. Pas encore relu.<\/p>\n  <ol class=\"pf-srchub\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52837\/2579-2970-2023.12.2-46\" rel=\"noopener\">The Musavat Azerbaijan Policy Towards Kurds: Parallels With Post-Soviet Azerbaijan\u2019s Ethnic Policy<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Artyom Tonoyan, Liana Petrosyan \u00b7 2024 \u00b7 Contemporary Eurasia<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ssoar.info\/ssoar\/handle\/document\/6181\" rel=\"noopener\">Ethnic Mobilization in Post-Soviet Georgia: The Case of the Yezidi-Kurds<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">David Szakonyi \u00b7 2007 \u00b7 Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS \u2013 Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences)<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAlex<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DOAJ<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Libre acc\u00e8s<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33182\/ks.v5i2.442\" rel=\"noopener\">Kurds in the USSR, 1917-1956<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Jonathan Otto Pohl \u00b7 2017 \u00b7 Kurdish Studies<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mepo.12682\" rel=\"noopener\">Russia and the Kurds: A Soft\u2010Power Tool for the Kremlin?<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Anna Borshchevskaya \u00b7 2023 \u00b7 Middle East Policy<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAlex<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Libre acc\u00e8s<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12775\/18255\" rel=\"noopener\">The Kurds in the Former Soviet States from the Historical and Cultural Perspectives<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Khanna Omarkhali \u00b7 2013 \u00b7 Journal of political studies<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAlex<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Libre acc\u00e8s<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2143\/jks.3.0.519242\" rel=\"noopener\">The Kurds and the Kurdish Language in Soviet Azerbaijan according to the All-Union Census of December 17, 1926<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Daniel M\u00dcLLER \u00b7 2000 \u00b7 Journal of Kurdish Studies<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAIRE<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.14904\" rel=\"noopener\">Pre-migration traumatic experiences, post-migration perceived discrimination and substance use among Russian and Kurdish migrants-a population-based study.<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Salama ES, Castaneda AE, Lilja E et al. \u00b7 2020 \u00b7 Addiction<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Europe PMC<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Libre acc\u00e8s<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33630\/ausbf.1010312\" rel=\"noopener\">Russia\u2019s Kurdish Policy from the Tsardom to the Soviet Union<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Orhan Gafarl\u0131, K\u00fcr\u015fad G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00b7 2021 \u00b7 Ankara \u00dcniversitesi SBF Dergisi<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAlex<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Libre acc\u00e8s<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363461520906028\" rel=\"noopener\">Substance use, affective symptoms, and suicidal ideation among Russian, Somali, and Kurdish migrants in Finland.<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Salama E, Castaneda AE, Suvisaari J et al. \u00b7 2022 \u00b7 Transcult Psychiatry<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Article<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Europe PMC<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Libre acc\u00e8s<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"pf-srchub__foot\">Sources, licences et dates de collecte : <span translate=\"no\">Crossref (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.crossref.org\/documentation\/retrieve-metadata\/rest-api\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata facts, any use; abstracts may be publisher-owned and are never shown<\/a>), 2026-10-23; DOAJ (<a href=\"https:\/\/doaj.org\/terms\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata CC0 1.0 (DOAJ); articles under their own open licences<\/a>), 2026-10-23; Europe PMC (<a href=\"https:\/\/europepmc.org\/Copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata reusable; full text under each article&#8217;s licence<\/a>), 2026-10-23; OpenAIRE (<a href=\"https:\/\/graph.openaire.eu\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0 (OpenAIRE Graph)<\/a>), 2026-10-23; OpenAlex (<a href=\"https:\/\/help.openalex.org\/access\/pricing\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC0-1.0 data; metered API (free key)<\/a>), 2026-10-23.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<aside class=\"pf-closing\" aria-label=\"Construisons-le ensemble\"><div class=\"pf-closing__text\"><h2 class=\"pf-closing__title\">Construisons-le ensemble<\/h2><p>Devenez membre, ou dites-nous ce dont votre ville a besoin. Vous choisissez ce que vous partagez.<\/p><\/div><p class=\"pf-actions\"><a class=\"pf-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/join\/\" data-pf-auth=\"guest\">Adh\u00e9rer<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/members\/me\/\" data-pf-auth=\"member\">Votre profil<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/contact\/\">Contact<\/a><\/p><\/aside><\/div><footer class=\"pf-netfoot pf-nf\" aria-label=\"R\u00e9seau\">\n  <div class=\"pf-netfoot__id\"><a class=\"pf-netfoot__brand\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/fr\/\"><svg class=\"pf-mark pf-mark--kilim\" viewBox=\"-5.6 -5.6 11.2 11.2\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\"><g><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"-5.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-1.5\" y=\"-4.5\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-2.5\" y=\"-3.5\" width=\"5\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-3.5\" y=\"-2.5\" width=\"7\" 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href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/kyrgyzstan\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Kirghizstan<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/turkmenistan\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Turkm\u00e9nistan<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Europe<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/germany\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Allemagne<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/austria\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Autriche<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/belgium\/fr\/\">Belgique<\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/cyprus\/\" 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href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/az\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"az\" lang=\"az\" dir=\"ltr\">Az\u0259rbaycanca<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/de\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"de\" lang=\"de\" dir=\"ltr\">Deutsch<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/es\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"es\" lang=\"es\" dir=\"ltr\">Espa\u00f1ol<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/fr\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"fr\" lang=\"fr\" dir=\"ltr\" aria-current=\"true\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/hi\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"hi\" lang=\"hi\" dir=\"ltr\">\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/id\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"id\" lang=\"id\" dir=\"ltr\">Bahasa Indonesia<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/it\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"it\" lang=\"it\" dir=\"ltr\">Italiano<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/ja\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"ja\" lang=\"ja\" dir=\"ltr\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/ko\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"ko\" lang=\"ko\" dir=\"ltr\">\ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/pt\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"pt\" lang=\"pt\" dir=\"ltr\">Portugu\u00eas<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/ru\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"ru\" lang=\"ru\" dir=\"ltr\">\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/languages\/ru\/\" hreflang=\"zh\" lang=\"zh\" dir=\"ltr\">\u7b80\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <p class=\"pf-netfoot__legal\"><span lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization (KCO)<\/span> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/guide\/charter-of-the-kurdish-cooperation-organization-kco\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Version de la charte<\/a> <span class=\"pf-nf__ver\" dir=\"ltr\">1.0.0.1<\/span><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-netfoot__pos\">L&#8217;Organisation de coop\u00e9ration kurde est un r\u00e9seau ind\u00e9pendant d&#8217;\u00e9ducation et de d\u00e9veloppement entre pairs, issu des communaut\u00e9s kurdes. 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