{"id":463,"date":"2026-11-01T18:29:59","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T18:29:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/languages\/hac\/"},"modified":"2026-11-01T18:29:59","modified_gmt":"2026-11-01T18:29:59","slug":"hac","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/languages\/hac\/","title":{"rendered":"Gorani \/ Hawrami"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"pf\" lang=\"zh\" dir=\"ltr\" data-site=\"\/language\/\" data-net=\"kco\" data-kit=\"d46\" data-kind=\"page\">\n<div class=\"pf-top pf-nv\" data-pf-nav=\"\" data-pf-more=\"\u66f4\u591a\">\n<a class=\"pf-brand\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/zh\/\"><svg class=\"pf-mark pf-mark--kilim\" viewBox=\"-5.6 -5.6 11.2 11.2\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\"><g><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"-5.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-1.5\" y=\"-4.5\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-2.5\" y=\"-3.5\" 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aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"m9 18 6-6-6-6\" \/><\/svg><span>\u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/span><\/a>\n<nav class=\"pf-nv__menu\" id=\"pf-nv-menu\" aria-label=\"\u7f51\u7edc\"><ul class=\"pf-nv__bar\"><li class=\"pf-nv__item\"><details class=\"pf-nv__d\" data-pf-mega=\"network\" data-pf-lazy=\"\"><summary class=\"pf-nv__sum\" aria-controls=\"pf-nv-network\" data-tip=\"\u7f51\u7edc\"><span>\u7f51\u7edc<\/span><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect width=\"7\" height=\"7\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"1\" \/> <rect width=\"7\" height=\"7\" x=\"14\" y=\"3\" rx=\"1\" \/> <rect width=\"7\" height=\"7\" x=\"14\" y=\"14\" rx=\"1\" \/> <rect width=\"7\" height=\"7\" x=\"3\" y=\"14\" rx=\"1\" \/><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"pf-nv__panel\" id=\"pf-nv-network\"><div class=\"pf-nv__in pf-nv__in--network\">\n<div class=\"pf-nv__primary\"><p class=\"pf-nv__h\">\u9886\u57df<\/p><ol class=\"pf-nv__svcs\"><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"learn\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/zh\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><span>\u5b66\u82d1<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u6bcf\u4e2a\u77e5\u8bc6\u9886\u57df\u3001\u6240\u6709\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\u53d8\u4f53\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b9e\u8df5\u793e\u7fa4\u3002<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"heritage\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/heritage\/zh\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><span>\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u4ece\u624e\u683c\u7f57\u65af\u5c71\u8109\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u827a\u672f\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u4e0e\u996e\u98df\u3002<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"language\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/\" aria-current=\"page\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><span>\u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u5e93\u5c14\u66fc\u5409\u8bed\u3001\u7d22\u62c9\u5c3c\u8bed\u3001\u624e\u624e\u8bed\u3001\u5357\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\u548c\u53e4\u62c9\u5c3c\u8bed\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u5404\u79cd\u6587\u5b57\u3002<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"research\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/research\/zh\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><span>\u7814\u7a76<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ad9\u3001\u9605\u8bfb\u4e66\u76ee\u548c\u65b0\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"opportunities\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/opportunities\/zh\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">05<\/span><span>\u673a\u4f1a<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u751f\u8ba1\u3001\u6280\u80fd\u3001\u5c31\u4e1a\u3001\u5bfc\u5e08\u8f85\u5bfc\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fa8\u6c11\u4e0e\u5730\u533a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6865\u6881\u3002<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"civic\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/civic\/zh\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">06<\/span><span>\u516c\u6c11<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u516c\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u6743\u5229\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u65e0\u56fd\u7c4d\u95ee\u9898\u63f4\u52a9\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3002<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"development\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/development\/zh\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">07<\/span><span>\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u9762\u5411\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9879\u76ee\u3001\u751f\u8ba1\u548c\u707e\u5bb3\u9632\u5907\u3002<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__svc\" data-area=\"news\"><a class=\"pf-nv__svc-t\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/news\/zh\/\"><span class=\"pf-nv__n\" aria-hidden=\"true\">08<\/span><span>\u65b0\u95fb\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8<\/span><\/a><p class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u6bcf\u5bb6\u5a92\u4f53\u90fd\u6709\u6807\u6ce8\u7684\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u548c\u5730\u533a\u65b0\u95fb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u7eaa\u5ff5\u65e5\u5386\u3002<\/p><\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-nv__aside\"><p class=\"pf-nv__h\">KCO<\/p><ul class=\"pf-nv__links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/zh\/\">\u9996\u9875<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/zh\/country-programmes\/\">\u56fd\u522b\u9879\u76ee<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/zh\/areas\/\">\u5de5\u4f5c\u9886\u57df<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/zh\/calendar\/\">\u65e5\u5386<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/zh\/the-community\/\">\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u793e\u7fa4<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/details><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__item\"><details class=\"pf-nv__d\" data-pf-mega=\"countries\" data-pf-lazy=\"\"><summary class=\"pf-nv__sum\" aria-controls=\"pf-nv-countries\" data-tip=\"\u56fd\u522b\u9879\u76ee\"><span>\u56fd\u522b\u9879\u76ee<\/span><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M21.54 15H17a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v4.54\" \/> <path d=\"M7 3.34V5a3 3 0 0 0 3 3a2 2 0 0 1 2 2c0 1.1.9 2 2 2a2 2 0 0 0 2-2c0-1.1.9-2 2-2h3.17\" \/> <path d=\"M11 21.95V18a2 2 0 0 0-2-2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-1a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2.05\" \/> <circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\" \/><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"pf-nv__panel\" id=\"pf-nv-countries\"><div class=\"pf-nv__in pf-nv__in--countries\">\n<p class=\"pf-nv__h\">\u56fd\u522b\u9879\u76ee<\/p><div hidden><\/div><p class=\"pf-nv__more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/zh\/country-programmes\/\">\u5168\u90e835\u4e2a\u56fd\u522b\u9879\u76ee<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/details><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__item\"><details class=\"pf-nv__d\" data-pf-mega=\"site\"><summary class=\"pf-nv__sum\" aria-controls=\"pf-nv-site\" data-current=\"\" data-tip=\"\u672c\u7ad9\"><span>\u672c\u7ad9<\/span><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><rect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"3\" rx=\"2\" \/> <path d=\"M3 9h18\" \/><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"pf-nv__panel\" id=\"pf-nv-site\"><div class=\"pf-nv__in pf-nv__in--site\">\n<p class=\"pf-nv__h\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/\" aria-current=\"page\">\u8bed\u8a00<\/a><\/p><div class=\"pf-nv__groups\"><div class=\"pf-nv__group\"><ul class=\"pf-nv__links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/#register\">\u8bed\u8a00<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/scripts\/\">\u6587\u5b57<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/tools\/\">\u5de5\u5177<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/learn\/\">\u5b66\u4e60<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/resources\/\">\u8d44\u6e90<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/preservation\/\">\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b58<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/sources\/\">\u6765\u6e90<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/details><\/li><li class=\"pf-nv__item\"><details class=\"pf-nv__d\" data-pf-mega=\"about\"><summary class=\"pf-nv__sum\" aria-controls=\"pf-nv-about\" data-tip=\"\u7b80\u4ecb\"><span>\u7b80\u4ecb<\/span><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\" \/> <path d=\"M12 16v-4\" \/> <path d=\"M12 8h.01\" \/><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"pf-nv__panel\" id=\"pf-nv-about\"><div class=\"pf-nv__in pf-nv__in--about\">\n<p class=\"pf-nv__h\">\u7b80\u4ecb<\/p><div class=\"pf-nv__groups\"><div class=\"pf-nv__group\"><p class=\"pf-nv__rh\">\u7b80\u4ecb<\/p><ul class=\"pf-nv__links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/zh\/federation\/\">\u8054\u5408\u4f1a<\/a><span class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u4f5c<\/span><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/zh\/the-community\/\">\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u793e\u7fa4<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/about-this-network\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u5173\u4e8e\u672c\u7f51\u7edc\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/guide\/charter-of-the-kurdish-cooperation-organization-kco\/\" rel=\"noopener\">\u7ae0\u7a0b<svg class=\"pf-icon pf-nv__ext\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M14 4h6v6M20 4l-9 9M18 14v5a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H5a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"pf-nv__group\"><p class=\"pf-nv__rh\">\u53c2\u4e0e<\/p><ul class=\"pf-nv__links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/zh\/membership\/\">\u4f1a\u5458<\/a><span class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u4f1a\u5458\u4e0e\u53c2\u4e0e<\/span><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/zh\/join\/\">\u52a0\u5165<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/zh\/get-involved\/\">\u53c2\u4e0e<\/a><span class=\"pf-nv__text\">\u53c2\u4e0e\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"pf-nv__group\"><p class=\"pf-nv__rh\">\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168<\/p><ul class=\"pf-nv__links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/zh\/protected-participation\/\">\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u53c2\u4e0e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/news\/zh\/corrections\/\">\u66f4\u6b63<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/contact\/\" rel=\"noopener\">\u8054\u7cfb\u6211\u4eec<svg class=\"pf-icon pf-nv__ext\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M14 4h6v6M20 4l-9 9M18 14v5a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H5a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5\"\/><\/svg><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/details><\/li><\/ul><\/nav>\n<div class=\"pf-top__tools\"><details class=\"pf-nv__search\"><summary data-tip=\"\u641c\u7d22  \/\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"11\" r=\"7\"\/><path d=\"M20 20l-4-4\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"pf-sr\">\u641c\u7d22<\/span><\/summary><form class=\"pf-nv__sform\" role=\"search\" action=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/zh\/search\/\" method=\"get\"><label class=\"pf-sr\" for=\"pf-nv-q\">\u641c\u7d22<\/label><input id=\"pf-nv-q\" type=\"search\" name=\"q\" placeholder=\"\u641c\u7d22\u672c\u7ad9\" autocomplete=\"off\" enterkeyhint=\"search\"><button type=\"submit\" class=\"pf-btn\">\u641c\u7d22<\/button><\/form><\/details><details class=\"pf-acct\" data-pf-acct=\"\"><summary class=\"pf-searchlink pf-acctlink\" aria-label=\"\u8d26\u6237\" data-tip=\"\u8d26\u6237\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"8\" r=\"4\"\/><path d=\"M4 21c0-4 3.6-7 8-7s8 3 8 7\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"pf-sr\">\u8d26\u6237<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"pf-acct__menu\"><ul class=\"pf-acct__list\" data-pf-auth=\"guest\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/login\/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fkurds.global%2Fzh%2Fstart%2F\">\u767b\u5f55<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/register\/?pf_lang=zh\" class=\"pf-acct__join\">\u52a0\u5165<\/a><\/li><\/ul><ul class=\"pf-acct__list\" data-pf-auth=\"member\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/members\/me\/\">\u60a8\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d44\u6599<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/zh\/start\/\">\u63a7\u5236\u9762\u677f<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/members\/me\/settings\/\">\u8bbe\u7f6e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/login\/sessions\/\">\u60a8\u7684\u4f1a\u8bdd<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/login\/?action=logout\" data-pf-logout=\"\">\u9000\u51fa\u767b\u5f55<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/details><details class=\"pf-langs\" data-pf-langs=\"\"><summary data-tip=\"\u8bed\u8a00\"><span class=\"pf-sr\">\u8bed\u8a00<\/span><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"9\"\/><path d=\"M3 12h18M12 3c2.6 2.8 3.9 5.8 3.9 9s-1.3 6.2-3.9 9c-2.6-2.8-3.9-5.8-3.9-9S9.4 5.8 12 3z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"pf-sr\" lang=\"zh\" dir=\"ltr\">\u7b80\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587<\/span><span class=\"pf-langs__code\" translate=\"no\" aria-hidden=\"true\">ZH<\/span><span class=\"pf-langs__count\">18<\/span><\/summary><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/languages\/hac\/\" hreflang=\"en\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">English<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/kmr\/languages\/hac\/\" hreflang=\"kmr\" lang=\"kmr\" dir=\"ltr\">Kurmanc\u00ee<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/ckb\/languages\/hac\/\" 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d=\"M0,47L0,21L20,21.7L40,23.2L60,25.5L80,28.4L100,31.8L120,35.5L140,39.1L160,42.5L180,45.6L200,45.8L220,43.7L240,42.2L260,41.3L280,40.8L300,40.7L320,40.9L340,41.2L360,41.5L380,41.7L400,41.8L420,41.9L440,41.8L460,41.7L480,41.8L500,42L520,42.7L540,43.7L560,45.3L580,46.7L600,44.1L620,41L640,37.7L660,34.2L680,30.7L700,27.5L720,24.8L740,22.8L760,21.5L780,21.2L800,21.7L820,23.2L840,25.5L860,28.5L880,32L900,35.7L920,39.5L940,43.1L960,46.4L980,44.8L1000,42.6L1020,41L1040,40L1060,39.6L1080,39.5L1100,39.8L1120,40.3L1140,40.9L1160,41.4L1180,41.8L1200,42.1\"\/><path class=\"pf-rule-art__hue\" d=\"M0,47L0,41.2L20,43.7L40,46L60,46L80,44.4L100,43.3L120,42.6L140,42.4L160,42.6L180,42.9L200,43.4L220,43.9L240,44.5L260,44.9L280,45.4L300,45.9L320,46.5L340,46.8L360,45.9L380,44.7L400,43.4L420,41.9L440,40.5L460,39.1L480,38.1L500,37.5L520,37.5L540,38.2L560,39.5L580,41.5L600,44L620,46.9L640,44.1L660,41.1L680,38.5L700,36.4L720,35L740,34.3L760,34.4L780,35.2L800,36.6L820,38.5L840,40.6L860,42.7L880,44.7L900,46.5L920,46.1L940,45L960,44.4L980,44L1000,43.9L1020,44L1040,44.1L1060,44.2L1080,44.3L1100,44.5L1120,44.7L1140,45L1160,45.6L1180,46.4L1200,46.5\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__text\">\n    <p class=\"pf-eyebrow\"><span>\u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"pf-h1\">\u53e4\u62c9\u5c3c\u8bed\uff0f\u54c8\u4e4c\u62c9\u7c73\u8bed<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"pf-lede\">\u54c8\u4e4c\u62c9\u66fc\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4f0a\u6717\u548c\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u8fb9\u754c\u4e24\u4fa7<\/p>\n    <p class=\"pf-actions\"><a class=\"pf-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/zh\/join\/\">\u5e2e\u52a9\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/languages\/hac\/writing\/\">\u4e66\u5199<\/a><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__aside\"><p class=\"pf-specimen\" lang=\"hac\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0647\u06d5\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc<\/p><\/div>\n  \n<\/header>\n<nav class=\"pf-lx-tabs\" aria-label=\"\u53e4\u62c9\u5c3c\u8bed\uff0f\u54c8\u4e4c\u62c9\u7c73\u8bed\uff1a\u9875\u9762\"><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/languages\/hac\/\" aria-current=\"page\">\u6982\u89c8<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/languages\/hac\/writing\/\">\u4e66\u5199<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/languages\/hac\/linguistics\/\">\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/languages\/hac\/learn\/\">\u5b66\u4e60<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/languages\/hac\/resources\/\">\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b58<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav>\n<nav class=\"pf-toc\" aria-label=\"\u672c\u9875\u5185\u5bb9\"><p class=\"pf-toc__h\">\u672c\u9875\u5185\u5bb9<\/p><ol><li><a href=\"#s1\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">01<\/span><span>\u8bed\u8a00<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s2\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">02<\/span><span>\u540d\u79f0\u4e0e\u89c6\u89d2<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s3\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">03<\/span><span>\u5728\u4f55\u5904\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4eba\u6570<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s4\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">04<\/span><span>\u72b6\u6001<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s5\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">05<\/span><span>\u53d8\u4f53\u4e0e\u65b9\u8a00<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s6\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">06<\/span><span>\u8be5\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u9875\u9762<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s7\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">07<\/span><span>\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s8\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">08<\/span><span>\u5982\u4f55\u5e2e\u52a9<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s9\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">09<\/span><span>\u6765\u6e90<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s10\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">10<\/span><span>\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u6765\u6e90<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s1\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">01<\/span>\u8bed\u8a00<\/h2>\n  \n  <dl class=\"pf-facts\"><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>\u4ee3\u7801<\/dt><dd><span translate=\"no\">ISO 639-3: hac \u00b7 Glottocode: gura1251 \u00b7 page code: hac<\/span><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>\u5bb6\u5ead<\/dt><dd><span translate=\"no\">Indo-European \u203a Classical Indo-European \u203a Indo-Iranian \u203a Iranian-Nuristani \u203a Iranian \u203a Central Iranian PBS \u203a Central Iranian PB \u203a Northwestern Iranian \u203a Adharic \u203a Gorani<\/span><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>\u6587\u5b57<\/dt><dd>\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u6587\uff0c\u4ece\u53f3\u5230\u5de6<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>\u754c\u9762<\/dt><dd><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">\u7b79\u5907\u4e2d<\/span><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>\u5e73\u53f0\u9636\u6bb5<\/dt><dd>\u6309\u9700\u6c42<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>\u6280\u672f\u652f\u6301<\/dt><dd>\u4e3b\u8981\u5f15\u64ce\u4e0d\u652f\u6301<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>\u663e\u793a\u65b9\u5f0f<\/dt><dd>Estedad<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>\u5907\u6ce8<\/dt><dd>\u963f\u5c14\u8fbe\u5170\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u5171\u901a\u8bed\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e9a\u5c14\u6851\u6d3e\u7ecf\u6587\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff1b\u6fd2\u5371<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><p class=\"pf-lx-src\"><span class=\"pf-lx-src__h\">\u6765\u6e90<\/span> <cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/glottolog.org\" rel=\"noopener\">Hammarstr\u00f6m, Forkel, Haspelmath and Bank. Glottolog 5.3. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">\u5df2\u6838\u5b9e<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-src__sep\">; <\/span><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iso639-3.sil.org\" rel=\"noopener\">ISO 639-3 code tables. SIL International, registration authority.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u5f85\u6838\u5b9e<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s2\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">02<\/span>\u540d\u79f0\u4e0e\u89c6\u89d2<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">\u51e1\u540d\u79f0\u3001\u5206\u7c7b\u6216\u8eab\u4efd\u5b58\u5728\u4e89\u8bba\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u5747\u9644\u6765\u6e90\u5448\u73b0\u3002\u672c\u5e73\u53f0\u4e0d\u6301\u7acb\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n  <ul class=\"pf-lx-endo\" role=\"list\"><li><span lang=\"hac\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0647\u06d5\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc<\/span> <span class=\"pf-lx-rom\" translate=\"no\">hewram\u00ee<\/span><\/li><li><span lang=\"hac\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06af\u06c6\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/span> <span class=\"pf-lx-rom\" translate=\"no\">goran\u00ee<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul class=\"pf-lx-views\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-lx-view\"><h3 class=\"pf-lx-view__t\">\u540d\u79f0<\/h3><p>\u53e4\u62c9\u5c3c\u8bed\u6307\u8fd9\u4e00\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u8bed\u7fa4\uff0c\u4e5f\u6307\u963f\u5c14\u8fbe\u5170\u5bab\u5ef7\u548c\u96c5\u5c14\u6851\u6559\u7ecf\u5178\u6240\u7528\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u54c8\u4e4c\u62c9\u7c73\u8bed\u662f\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u73b0\u5b58\u53d8\u4f53\u3002ISO 639-3 \u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u662f Gurani\uff08hac\uff09\u3002<\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-src\"><span class=\"pf-lx-src__h\">\u6765\u6e90<\/span> <cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\">MacKenzie. The Dialect of Awroman (Hawraman-\u012b Luh\u014dn). Munksgaard. (1966)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u5f85\u6838\u5b9e<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-src__sep\">; <\/span><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\">Mahmoudveysi, Bailey, Paul and Haig. The Gorani Language of Gawraju. Reichert. (2012)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u5f85\u6838\u5b9e<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-src__sep\">; <\/span><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iso639-3.sil.org\" rel=\"noopener\">ISO 639-3 code tables. SIL International, registration authority.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u5f85\u6838\u5b9e<\/span><\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-lx-view\"><h3 class=\"pf-lx-view__t\">\u5206\u7c7b\u548c\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c<\/h3><p>\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u628a\u53e4\u62c9\u5c3c\u8bed\u5f52\u5165\u897f\u5317\u4f0a\u6717\u8bed\u652f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\u7fa4\u3002Glottolog \u5c06\u5b83\u4e0e\u624e\u624e\u8bed\u5f52\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u591a\u6570\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u8ba4\u540c\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u79f0\u54c8\u4e4c\u62c9\u7c73\u8bed\u4e3a\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u8bed\u65b9\u8a00\u3002<\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-src\"><span class=\"pf-lx-src__h\">\u6765\u6e90<\/span> <cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/glottolog.org\" rel=\"noopener\">Hammarstr\u00f6m, Forkel, Haspelmath and Bank. Glottolog 5.3. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">\u5df2\u6838\u5b9e<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-src__sep\">; <\/span><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\">MacKenzie. The Dialect of Awroman (Hawraman-\u012b Luh\u014dn). Munksgaard. (1966)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u5f85\u6838\u5b9e<\/span><span class=\"pf-lx-src__sep\">; <\/span><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\">Haig and \u00d6pengin. Kurdish: A critical research overview. Kurdish Studies 2 (2). (2014)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u5f85\u6838\u5b9e<\/span><\/p><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s3\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">03<\/span>\u5728\u4f55\u5904\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4eba\u6570<\/h2>\n  \n  <p>\u54c8\u4e4c\u62c9\u66fc\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4f0a\u6717\u548c\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u8fb9\u754c\u4e24\u4fa7<\/p><div class=\"pf-lx-unknown\"><p class=\"pf-lx-unknown__v\">\u672a\u77e5<\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-unknown__t\">\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\uff1a\u672c\u5e73\u53f0\u5c1a\u672a\u6838\u5b9e\u4efb\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u4eba\u6570\u3002\u5728\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u6216\u8c03\u67e5\u6570\u5b57\u8fde\u540c\u5176\u5ea6\u91cf\u3001\u5e74\u4efd\u548c\u6765\u6e90\u6838\u67e5\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5b83\u4fdd\u6301\u672a\u77e5\u3002<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s4\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">04<\/span>\u72b6\u6001<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8a00\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u300b\u662f\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6765\u6e90\uff1b\u5176\u72b6\u6001\u6700\u5148\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5728\u80fd\u591f\u67e5\u9605\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u4e4b\u524d\u4fdd\u6301\u5f85\u6838\u5b9e\u3002\u65c1\u8fb9\uff0cGlottolog \u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6fd2\u5371\u72b6\u6001\u6c47\u96c6\u4e86\u300a\u6fd2\u5371\u8bed\u8a00\u76ee\u5f55\u300b\u3001\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u548c Ethnologue\u3002Ethnologue \u53ea\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e8c\u624b\u6765\u6e90\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n  <div class=\"pf-table-wrap\"><table class=\"pf-table\">\n  \n  <thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">\u6761\u76ee<\/th><th scope=\"col\">\u72b6\u6001<\/th><th scope=\"col\">\u4f9d\u636e<\/th><th scope=\"col\">\u6765\u6e90<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n  <tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">UNESCO \u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u8a00\u5730\u56fe\u96c6<\/th><td><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">\u5f85\u6838\u5b9e<\/span><\/td><td><\/td><td><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wal.unesco.org\" rel=\"noopener\">UNESCO. World Atlas of Languages.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u5f85\u6838\u5b9e<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\"><span translate=\"no\">Gurani<\/span><\/th><td><span class=\"pf-lx-aes pf-lx-aes--pend\">\u53d7\u5a01\u80c1<\/span><\/td><td><span translate=\"no\">Vulnerable<\/span><\/td><td><cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\">Campbell, Lee, Okura, Simpson and Ueki. The Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ElCat). (2022)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--secondary\">\u4e8c\u624b\u6765\u6e90<\/span> <span class=\"pf-lx-via\">\u6765\u81ea Glottolog<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s5\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">05<\/span>\u53d8\u4f53\u4e0e\u65b9\u8a00<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">\u65b9\u8a00\u7fa4\u6309 Glottolog \u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u5217\u51fa\u3002\u540d\u79f0\u4fdd\u6301\u539f\u6837\u53d1\u5e03\u3002<\/p>\n  <div class=\"pf-lx-dia\"><div class=\"pf-lx-dia__g\"><h3 class=\"pf-lx-dia__t\" translate=\"no\">Gurani<\/h3><p class=\"pf-lx-dia__m\">\u5df2\u8bb0\u5f55 7 \u79cd\u65b9\u8a00<\/p><ul class=\"pf-lx-dia__list\" role=\"list\" translate=\"no\"><li>Hawraman-I Luhon<\/li><li>Hawraman-I Taxt<\/li><li>Kakai<\/li><li>Nuclear Gurani<\/li><li>Zardayana<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><p class=\"pf-lx-src\"><span class=\"pf-lx-src__h\">\u6765\u6e90<\/span> <cite class=\"pf-lx-cite\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/glottolog.org\" rel=\"noopener\">Hammarstr\u00f6m, Forkel, Haspelmath and Bank. Glottolog 5.3. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.<\/a> (2025)<\/cite> <span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">\u5df2\u6838\u5b9e<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s6\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">06<\/span>\u8be5\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u9875\u9762<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-cards pf-cards--2\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/languages\/hac\/writing\/\">\u4e66\u5199<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">\u6587\u5b57\u3001\u5b57\u6bcd\u8868\u3001\u62c9\u4e01\u5316\u8f6c\u5199\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u3001\u952e\u76d8\u548c\u5b57\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/languages\/hac\/linguistics\/\">\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">\u56fd\u9645\u97f3\u6807\u8868\u793a\u7684\u8bed\u97f3\u3001\u53d1\u97f3\u3001\u8bed\u6cd5\u548c\u6838\u5fc3\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u90bb\u8fd1\u8bed\u8a00\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/languages\/hac\/learn\/\">\u5b66\u4e60<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">\u4ece\u5165\u95e8\u5230\u6d41\u5229\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u8def\u5f84\u3001\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3001\u8003\u8bd5\u548c\u4f20\u627f\u8bed\u9879\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/languages\/hac\/resources\/\">\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b58<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">\u8bcd\u5178\u3001\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u3001\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u548c\u5a92\u4f53\uff1b\u6fd2\u5371\u72b6\u51b5\u548c\u8bb0\u5f55\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1b\u5982\u4f55\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s7\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">07<\/span>\u8bfe\u7a0b<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-cards pf-cards--3\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  \n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/zh\/catalogue\/gorani-and-hawrami\/\">\u53e4\u62c9\u5c3c\u8bed\u4e0e\u54c8\u4e4c\u62c9\u7c73\u8bed<\/a><\/h3>\n  \n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">\u5df2\u8ba1\u5212<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s8\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">08<\/span>\u5982\u4f55\u5e2e\u52a9<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-list\"><li>\u6bcd\u8bed\u8bd1\u8005\uff1a\u8bf7\u5c06\u9875\u9762\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u53e4\u62c9\u5c3c\u8bed\uff0f\u54c8\u4e4c\u62c9\u7c73\u8bed\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\u53ea\u91c7\u7528\u4eba\u5de5\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3002<\/li><li>\u6559\u5e08\uff1a\u8bb2\u6388\u6216\u5e2e\u52a9\u7f16\u5199\u53e4\u62c9\u5c3c\u8bed\u4e0e\u54c8\u4e4c\u62c9\u7c73\u8bed\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002<\/li><li>\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u5411\u7814\u7a76\u56e2\u961f\u63a8\u8350\u91c7\u7528\u5f00\u653e\u8bb8\u53ef\u7684\u8bcd\u5178\u3001\u8bed\u6599\u5e93\u548c\u5f55\u97f3\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6765\u6e90\u90fd\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165\u6765\u6e90\u767b\u8bb0\u518c\u63a5\u53d7\u5ba1\u67e5\u3002<\/li><li>\u5b57\u4f53\u548c\u952e\u76d8\uff1a\u5982\u6709\u5b57\u6bcd\u65e0\u6cd5\u6b63\u786e\u663e\u793a\u6216\u8f93\u5165\uff0c\u8bf7\u62a5\u544a\u3002<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s9\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">09<\/span>\u6765\u6e90<\/h2>\n  \n  <ol class=\"pf-lx-bib\" role=\"list\"><li id=\"src-glottolog\"><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/glottolog.org\" rel=\"noopener\">Hammarstr\u00f6m, Forkel, Haspelmath and Bank. Glottolog 5.3. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.<\/a> <span class=\"pf-lx-bib__y\">2025<\/span><\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__m\"><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">\u5df2\u6838\u5b9e<\/span> <span translate=\"no\">CC BY 4.0<\/span> \u5206\u7c7b\u3001\u65b9\u8a00\u7fa4\u548c\u7efc\u5408\u6fd2\u5371\u72b6\u6001\uff08AES\uff09\uff0c\u8bfb\u53d6\u4e8e 2026-10-23\u3002<\/p><\/li><li id=\"src-mackenzie1966\"><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__t\" translate=\"no\">MacKenzie. The Dialect of Awroman (Hawraman-\u012b Luh\u014dn). Munksgaard. <span class=\"pf-lx-bib__y\">1966<\/span><\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__m\"><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u5f85\u6838\u5b9e<\/span><\/p><\/li><li id=\"src-mahmoudveysi2012\"><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__t\" translate=\"no\">Mahmoudveysi, Bailey, Paul and Haig. The Gorani Language of Gawraju. Reichert. <span class=\"pf-lx-bib__y\">2012<\/span><\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__m\"><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u5f85\u6838\u5b9e<\/span><\/p><\/li><li id=\"src-iso639-3\"><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iso639-3.sil.org\" rel=\"noopener\">ISO 639-3 code tables. SIL International, registration authority.<\/a> <span class=\"pf-lx-bib__y\">2025<\/span><\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__m\"><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u5f85\u6838\u5b9e<\/span> \u4ee3\u7801\u5df2\u901a\u8fc7 Glottolog \u8bb0\u5f55\u4ea4\u53c9\u6838\u5bf9\uff1b\u4ee3\u7801\u8868\u672c\u8eab\u672a\u8bfb\u53d6\u3002<\/p><\/li><li id=\"src-haig-opengin2014\"><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__t\" translate=\"no\">Haig and \u00d6pengin. Kurdish: A critical research overview. Kurdish Studies 2 (2). <span class=\"pf-lx-bib__y\">2014<\/span><\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__m\"><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u5f85\u6838\u5b9e<\/span><\/p><\/li><li id=\"src-unesco-wal\"><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wal.unesco.org\" rel=\"noopener\">UNESCO. World Atlas of Languages.<\/a> <span class=\"pf-lx-bib__y\">2025<\/span><\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__m\"><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">\u5f85\u6838\u5b9e<\/span> 2026-10-23\u6838\u67e5\u65f6\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002\u5176\u5bf9\u5404\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u6709\u5f85\u6838\u5b9e\u3002<\/p><\/li><li id=\"src-elcat\"><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__t\" translate=\"no\">Campbell, Lee, Okura, Simpson and Ueki. The Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ElCat). <span class=\"pf-lx-bib__y\">2022<\/span><\/p><p class=\"pf-lx-bib__m\"><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--secondary\">\u4e8c\u624b\u6765\u6e90<\/span> \u4ec5\u6309 Glottolog \u7684\u62a5\u544a\u5f15\u7528\uff08\u5176 AES \u6765\u6e90\uff09\u3002<\/p><\/li><\/ol>\n<\/section><details class=\"pf-cite\" id=\"cite\"><summary>\u5f15\u7528\u672c\u9875<\/summary><div class=\"pf-cite__body\"><dl class=\"pf-cite__list\">\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">APA<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-apa\" translate=\"no\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization. (2026). <i>Gorani \/ Hawrami<\/i>. kurds.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/languages\/hac\/\">https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/languages\/hac\/<\/a><\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-apa\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>\u590d\u5236<\/span><span hidden>\u5df2\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">Chicago<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-chicago\" translate=\"no\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization. 2026. \u201cGorani \/ Hawrami.\u201d kurds.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/zh\/languages\/hac\/\">https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/languages\/hac\/<\/a>.<\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-chicago\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>\u590d\u5236<\/span><span hidden>\u5df2\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">BibTeX<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" translate=\"no\">@misc{kco2026_language_languages_hac,\n\tauthor = {{The Kurdish Cooperation Organization}},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {Licence: CC BY 4.0},\n\ttitle = {Gorani \/ {Hawrami}},\n\turl = {https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/languages\/hac\/},\n\thowpublished = {https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/languages\/hac\/},\n}\n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>\u590d\u5236<\/span><span hidden>\u5df2\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/kurds-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/kco2026_language_languages_hac.bib\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/kco2026_language_languages_hac.bib\" download=\"kco2026_language_languages_hac.bib\">\u4e0b\u8f7d <span translate=\"no\">.bib<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">RIS<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-ris\" translate=\"no\">TY  - ELEC\nAU  - The Kurdish Cooperation Organization\nDA  - 2026\/\/\/\nPY  - 2026\nID  - kco2026_language_lan\nN1  - Licence: CC BY 4.0\nTI  - Gorani \/ Hawrami\nUR  - https:\/\/kurds.global\/language\/languages\/hac\/\nER  - \n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-ris\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>\u590d\u5236<\/span><span hidden>\u5df2\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/kurds-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/kco2026_language_languages_hac.ris\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/kco2026_language_languages_hac.ris\" download=\"kco2026_language_languages_hac.ris\">\u4e0b\u8f7d <span translate=\"no\">.ris<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<\/dl><p class=\"pf-cite__meta\">\u8bb8\u53ef <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" translate=\"no\" rel=\"license\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s10\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">10<\/span>\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u6765\u6e90<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">\u5173\u4e8e\u672c\u9875\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u8fd1\u671f\u76f8\u5173\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u5df2\u6279\u51c6\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u5b66\u672f\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u4ec5\u542b\u5143\u6570\u636e\u548c\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\u6807\u9898\u4fdd\u6301\u53d1\u8868\u65f6\u7684\u539f\u6837\u3002\u5c1a\u672a\u5ba1\u6838\u3002<\/p>\n  <ol class=\"pf-srchub\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30845\/ijll.v10n3p1\" rel=\"noopener\">Gorani: A Distinct and Independent Language Not a Variety of the So-called Kurdish<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Sayyed Mahdi Sadjadi \u00b7 2023 \u00b7 International Journal of Language &amp; Linguistics<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">\u6587\u7ae0<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAlex<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">\u5f00\u653e\u83b7\u53d6<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arxiv.2110.14398\" rel=\"noopener\">Can Linguistic Distance help Language Classification? Assessing Hawrami-Zaza and Kurmanji-Sorani<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Hossein Hassani \u00b7 2021 \u00b7 arXiv<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">\u9884\u5370\u672c<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DataCite<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">arXiv<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">\u5f00\u653e\u83b7\u53d6<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY-4.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arxiv.2409.16884\" rel=\"noopener\">Shifting from endangerment to rebirth in the Artificial Intelligence Age: An Ensemble Machine Learning Approach for Hawrami Text Classification<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Aram Khaksar, Hossein Hassani \u00b7 2024 \u00b7 arXiv<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">\u9884\u5370\u672c<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DataCite<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">arXiv<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">\u5f00\u653e\u83b7\u53d6<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33137\/twpl.v45i1.41680\" rel=\"noopener\">The Ezafe in Hawrami<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Sable Andrew Peters, Zaniar Naghshbandi, Arwin Rasouli \u00b7 2023 \u00b7 Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">\u6587\u7ae0<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAlex<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">\u5f00\u653e\u83b7\u53d6<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2026.103000\" rel=\"noopener\">An Autosomal STR panel for population, forensic, and clinical genetics, integrated with CODIS-based analysis of the Iraqi Hawrami ethnic minority.<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Albarzinji BM, Mohammad AK, Ismael B et al. \u00b7 2026 \u00b7 Leg Med (Tokyo)<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">\u6587\u7ae0<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Europe PMC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31918\/twejer.2031.02\" rel=\"noopener\">The Productivity of Affixes of Words Derived from Bases in Hawrami Dialect<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">2020 \u00b7 Twejer<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">\u6587\u7ae0<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAIRE<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">\u5f00\u653e\u83b7\u53d6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783111168852-002\" rel=\"noopener\">2 Examining the structural differences and similarities between literary Gorani and Hawrami through the lens of diglossia<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Saeed Karami, Saloumeh Gholami \u00b7 2024 \u00b7 De Gruyter eBooks<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">\u5206\u4f1a<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAlex<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">\u5f00\u653e\u83b7\u53d6<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">CC-BY-NC-ND<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25405\/ncl.34589427\" rel=\"noopener\">The noun phrase in Hawrami<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Jan Holmberg, D Odden \u00b7 2026 \u00b7 Newcastle University<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">\u5206\u4f1a<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DataCite<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__l\" translate=\"no\">Copyrighted<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22126\/jlw.2021.6858.1578\" rel=\"noopener\">The Study of Social Factors&#8217; Role in Phonological and Lexical Variations in Hawrami (Paveh Dialect) based on Variationist Sociolinguistics<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Nadya Safiei, Ebrahim Badakhshan, Masood Dehghan et al. \u00b7 2022 \u00b7 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200c\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">\u6587\u7ae0<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DOAJ<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">\u5f00\u653e\u83b7\u53d6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-023-08448-8\" rel=\"noopener\">Genetic polymorphism between the Sorani and Hawrami kurdish populations and COVID-19 outcome<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Peshnyar M.A. Rashid, Gaza F. Salih \u00b7 2023 \u00b7 Molecular Biology Reports<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">\u6587\u7ae0<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAIRE<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">\u5f00\u653e\u83b7\u53d6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jlw.razi.ac.ir\/article_508_0ef261f5164af2c3445d3b5b256f534c.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">Investigating Three Morphemes \u201c-\u00e6n\u00e6\u201d, \u201c-\u00e6w\u00e6\u201d and \u201c-\u00e6\u027e\u00e6\u201d in Hawrami: Postposition or Case Marker<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Fateme Yousefirad, \u0628\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u00b7 2015 \u00b7 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200c\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">\u6587\u7ae0<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DOAJ<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">\u5f00\u653e\u83b7\u53d6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29091\/9783752005356\" rel=\"noopener\">The Gorani language of Zarda, a village of West Iran<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Parvin Mahmoudveysi, Denise Bailey \u00b7 2013 \u00b7 Reichert Verlag eBooks<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">\u56fe\u4e66<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAlex<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">\u5f00\u653e\u83b7\u53d6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"pf-srchub__foot\">\u6765\u6e90\u3001\u8bb8\u53ef\u548c\u83b7\u53d6\u65e5\u671f\uff1a <span translate=\"no\">arXiv (<a href=\"https:\/\/info.arxiv.org\/help\/api\/tou.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata CC0 1.0; papers under their own licences<\/a>), 2026-10-23; Crossref (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.crossref.org\/documentation\/retrieve-metadata\/rest-api\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata facts, any use; abstracts may be publisher-owned and are never shown<\/a>), 2026-10-23; DataCite (<a href=\"https:\/\/support.datacite.org\/docs\/datacite-metadata-schema\" rel=\"noopener\">CC0 1.0 (DataCite metadata)<\/a>), 2026-10-23; DOAJ (<a href=\"https:\/\/doaj.org\/terms\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata CC0 1.0 (DOAJ); articles under their own open licences<\/a>), 2026-10-23; Europe PMC (<a href=\"https:\/\/europepmc.org\/Copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata reusable; full text under each article&#8217;s licence<\/a>), 2026-10-23; OpenAIRE (<a href=\"https:\/\/graph.openaire.eu\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0 (OpenAIRE Graph)<\/a>), 2026-10-23; OpenAlex (<a href=\"https:\/\/help.openalex.org\/access\/pricing\/\" 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translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/armenia\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>\u4e2d\u4e9a<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/kazakhstan\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65af\u5766<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/kyrgyzstan\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u65af\u65af\u5766<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/turkmenistan\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u571f\u5e93\u66fc\u65af\u5766<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" 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