{"id":1696,"date":"2026-11-01T14:15:02","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T14:15:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/communities\/livelihoods\/"},"modified":"2026-11-01T14:15:02","modified_gmt":"2026-11-01T14:15:02","slug":"livelihoods","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/communities\/livelihoods\/","title":{"rendered":"Livelihoods and Trade Facilitation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"pf\" lang=\"de\" dir=\"ltr\" data-site=\"\/learn\/\" data-net=\"kco\" data-kit=\"d46\" data-kind=\"page\">\n<div class=\"pf-top pf-nv\" data-pf-nav=\"\" data-pf-more=\"Mehr\">\n<a class=\"pf-brand\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/de\/\"><svg class=\"pf-mark pf-mark--kilim\" viewBox=\"-5.6 -5.6 11.2 11.2\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\"><g><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"-5.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-1.5\" y=\"-4.5\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect 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10v9a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2z\" \/><\/svg><span>Startseite<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/\" aria-current=\"page\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M21.42 10.922a1 1 0 0 0-.019-1.838L12.83 5.18a2 2 0 0 0-1.66 0L2.6 9.08a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.832l8.57 3.908a2 2 0 0 0 1.66 0z\" \/> <path d=\"M22 10v6\" \/> <path d=\"M6 12.5V16a6 3 0 0 0 12 0v-3.5\" \/><\/svg><span>Akademie<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/de\/country-programmes\/\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M21.54 15H17a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v4.54\" \/> <path d=\"M7 3.34V5a3 3 0 0 0 3 3a2 2 0 0 1 2 2c0 1.1.9 2 2 2a2 2 0 0 0 2-2c0-1.1.9-2 2-2h3.17\" \/> <path d=\"M11 21.95V18a2 2 0 0 0-2-2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-1a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2.05\" \/> <circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\" \/><\/svg><span>L\u00e4nderprogramme<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/de\/calendar\/\"><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 2v4\" \/> <path d=\"M16 2v4\" \/> <rect width=\"18\" height=\"18\" x=\"3\" y=\"4\" rx=\"2\" \/> <path d=\"M3 10h18\" \/> <path d=\"M8 14h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M12 14h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M16 14h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M8 18h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M12 18h.01\" \/> <path d=\"M16 18h.01\" \/><\/svg><span>Kalender<\/span><\/a><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-tabbar__menu\" data-pf-tabmenu=\"\" aria-controls=\"pf-nv-menu\" hidden><svg class=\"pf-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><line x1=\"4\" x2=\"20\" y1=\"12\" y2=\"12\" \/> <line x1=\"4\" x2=\"20\" y1=\"6\" y2=\"6\" \/> <line x1=\"4\" x2=\"20\" y1=\"18\" y2=\"18\" \/><\/svg><span>Men\u00fc<\/span><\/button><\/nav><div class=\"pf-canvas\"><aside class=\"pf-note pf-note--info\" role=\"note\"><p>Diese Seite ist eine \u00dcbersetzung. Sie wird von Muttersprachlerinnen und Muttersprachlern gepr\u00fcft. Ma\u00dfgeblich ist die englische Seite.<\/p><\/aside><nav class=\"pf-crumbs\" aria-label=\"Brotkrumennavigation\"><ol><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/de\/\">KCO<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/\">Akademie<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/communities\/\">Praxisgemeinschaften<\/a><\/li><li aria-current=\"page\">Lebensgrundlagen und Handelserleichterung<\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<p class=\"pf-acad-strip\"><span class=\"pf-term\" data-pf-term=\"academy\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-term__btn\" aria-describedby=\"pf-term-academy\"><abbr title=\"Der Lernraum des Netzwerks auf Augenh\u00f6he, offen f\u00fcr Mitwirkende jeder Herkunft. Er ist keine Universit\u00e4t und verleiht keine akademischen Grade.\">Akademie<\/abbr><\/button><span class=\"pf-term__tip\" role=\"tooltip\" id=\"pf-term-academy\">Der Lernraum des Netzwerks auf Augenh\u00f6he, offen f\u00fcr Mitwirkende jeder Herkunft. Er ist keine Universit\u00e4t und verleiht keine akademischen Grade.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"pf-acad-strip__text\">Der Peer-to-Peer-Lernraum der Kurdischen Kooperationsorganisation, offen f\u00fcr Mitwirkende jeder Herkunft.<\/span><\/p>\n<header class=\"pf-hero\">\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__art\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__rule\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg class=\"pf-rule-art pf-rule-art--wave\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 48\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M0,47L0,32.6L20,28.3L40,24.2L60,20.2L80,16.6L100,13.6L120,11.4L140,10L160,9.5L180,9.9L200,11.2L220,13.3L240,16.1L260,19.4L280,23.1L300,26.9L320,30.8L340,34.5L360,37.9L380,40.9L400,43.4L420,45.5L440,46.9L460,45.7L480,44.8L500,44L520,43.4L540,42.6L560,41.8L580,40.6L600,39.2L620,37.4L640,35.4L660,33.2L680,30.8L700,28.5L720,26.3L740,24.4L760,23.1L780,22.3L800,22.2L820,23L840,24.5L860,26.9L880,30L900,33.7L920,37.9L940,42.3L960,46.9L980,42.6L1000,38.5L1020,34.8L1040,31.7L1060,29.3L1080,27.7L1100,26.8L1120,26.7L1140,27.3L1160,28.4L1180,29.9L1200,31.6\"\/><path d=\"M0,47L0,21L20,21.7L40,23.2L60,25.5L80,28.4L100,31.8L120,35.5L140,39.1L160,42.5L180,45.6L200,45.8L220,43.7L240,42.2L260,41.3L280,40.8L300,40.7L320,40.9L340,41.2L360,41.5L380,41.7L400,41.8L420,41.9L440,41.8L460,41.7L480,41.8L500,42L520,42.7L540,43.7L560,45.3L580,46.7L600,44.1L620,41L640,37.7L660,34.2L680,30.7L700,27.5L720,24.8L740,22.8L760,21.5L780,21.2L800,21.7L820,23.2L840,25.5L860,28.5L880,32L900,35.7L920,39.5L940,43.1L960,46.4L980,44.8L1000,42.6L1020,41L1040,40L1060,39.6L1080,39.5L1100,39.8L1120,40.3L1140,40.9L1160,41.4L1180,41.8L1200,42.1\"\/><path class=\"pf-rule-art__hue\" d=\"M0,47L0,41.2L20,43.7L40,46L60,46L80,44.4L100,43.3L120,42.6L140,42.4L160,42.6L180,42.9L200,43.4L220,43.9L240,44.5L260,44.9L280,45.4L300,45.9L320,46.5L340,46.8L360,45.9L380,44.7L400,43.4L420,41.9L440,40.5L460,39.1L480,38.1L500,37.5L520,37.5L540,38.2L560,39.5L580,41.5L600,44L620,46.9L640,44.1L660,41.1L680,38.5L700,36.4L720,35L740,34.3L760,34.4L780,35.2L800,36.6L820,38.5L840,40.6L860,42.7L880,44.7L900,46.5L920,46.1L940,45L960,44.4L980,44L1000,43.9L1020,44L1040,44.1L1060,44.2L1080,44.3L1100,44.5L1120,44.7L1140,45L1160,45.6L1180,46.4L1200,46.5\"\/><\/svg><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-hero__text\">\n    <p class=\"pf-eyebrow\"><span>Praxisgemeinschaften<\/span><\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"pf-h1\">Lebensgrundlagen und Handelserleichterung<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"pf-lede\">Arbeit und Handel verbinden Kurdinnen und Kurden \u00fcber Grenzen hinweg. Diese Gemeinschaft w\u00fcrde Leitlinien f\u00fcr die Programme zu Lebensgrundlagen und ihre Informationen festlegen.<\/p>\n    <p class=\"pf-actions\"><a class=\"pf-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/de\/join\/\">Interesse anmelden<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/communities\/\">Praxisgemeinschaften<\/a><\/p>\n  <\/div>\n  \n  \n<\/header><div class=\"pf-strip\"><dl class=\"pf-signals\"><div class=\"pf-signal pf-signal--text\"><dt>Status<\/dt><dd>Vorgeschlagen<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-signal\"><dt>Was es bietet<\/dt><dd>4<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-signal\"><dt>Kurse<\/dt><dd>3<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-signal\"><dt>L\u00e4nderprogramme<\/dt><dd>35<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div>\n<aside class=\"pf-note pf-note--pending\" role=\"note\"><p>Ein Vorschlag. Er entsteht nur durch Beschluss des Leitungsorgans, das die Charta benennt.<\/p><\/aside>\n<details class=\"pf-notice\" id=\"before-you-begin\" data-pf-notice=\"programme\"><summary class=\"pf-notice__sum\"><span class=\"pf-notice__k\">Bevor Sie beginnen<\/span> <span class=\"pf-notice__line\">Die Kurdische Kooperationsorganisation ist ein Verbund von Gemeinschaften, die voneinander lernen. Sie ist keine Universit\u00e4t, beansprucht keine \u00f6ffentliche Autorit\u00e4t und dient keiner Regierung, Partei oder Glaubensgemeinschaft.<\/span><span class=\"pf-notice__tags\"><span class=\"pf-notice__tag\">Geld<\/span><span class=\"pf-notice__tag\">Migration und Aufenthaltsstatus<\/span><\/span><\/summary><div class=\"pf-notice__body\">\n<p class=\"pf-notice__lead\">Kurse werden von Peers verfasst und begutachtet. Gliederungen bleiben Entw\u00fcrfe bis zur fachlichen Pr\u00fcfung.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"pf-notice__h\">Im Kontext<\/h3><ul class=\"pf-notice__ctx\" role=\"list\"><li data-pf-context=\"finance\"><strong>Geld<\/strong> <span>Dies ist eine allgemeine Information, keine Finanz-, Anlage- oder Steuerberatung.<\/span><\/li><li data-pf-context=\"migration\"><strong>Migration und Aufenthaltsstatus<\/strong> <span>Regeln zu Aufenthalt, Asyl und Status unterscheiden sich von Land zu Land und \u00e4ndern sich oft. Dies ist keine aufenthaltsrechtliche Beratung. Wenden Sie sich an eine zugelassene Beratungsstelle an Ihrem Wohnort.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<div data-pf-notice-evidence=\"\"><h3 class=\"pf-notice__h\">Wie diese Seite mit Belegen umgeht<\/h3><p>Jede Zahl nennt Messgr\u00f6\u00dfe, Jahr, Quelle und Kennzeichnung. Unbekanntes wird als unbekannt ausgewiesen.<\/p><dl class=\"pf-notice__labels\"><div><dt><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--verified\">Gepr\u00fcft<\/span><\/dt><dd>Eine Kennzeichnung: Der Eintrag stimmt mit seinem Prim\u00e4rnachweis \u00fcberein, etwa der amtlichen Tabelle oder dem Crossref-Eintrag.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--secondary\">Sekund\u00e4rquelle<\/span><\/dt><dd>Eine Kennzeichnung: Die Zahl stammt aus einem verl\u00e4sslichen Bericht \u00fcber die Quelle, nicht aus der Quelle selbst.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt><span class=\"pf-chip pf-chip--to-verify\">Zu pr\u00fcfen<\/span><\/dt><dd>Eine Kennzeichnung: Der Eintrag ist so aufgef\u00fchrt, wie er gefunden wurde, und muss noch mit seiner Quelle abgeglichen werden.<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><h4 class=\"pf-notice__h4\">Quellen<\/h4><p class=\"pf-notice__small\">Offene wissenschaftliche Nachweise zu diesem Thema, aus zugelassenen Verzeichnissen. Zur Orientierung aufgef\u00fchrt, noch nicht gepr\u00fcft.<\/p><ol class=\"pf-notice__srcs\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">Arez Barzinjyi (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/rg.2.2.35036.09604\" rel=\"noopener\">MyAccount: The Kurdistan Region\u2019s Quantum Leap Towards Economy-Making?<\/a>. Unpublished. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/rg.2.2.35036.09604\">10.13140\/rg.2.2.35036.09604<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">Anwar Anaid (2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-93420-4_2\" rel=\"noopener\">The Nature of Political Economy Challenges of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq<\/a>. Iraqi Kurdistan\u2019s Statehood Aspirations. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-93420-4_2\">10.1007\/978-3-319-93420-4_2<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">Angus Unegbu, Augustine Okanlawon (2015). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/bjemt\/2015\/14001\" rel=\"noopener\">Direct Foreign Investment in Kurdistan Region of Middle-East: Non-Oil Sector Analysis<\/a>. British Journal of Economics, Management &amp; Trade. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/bjemt\/2015\/14001\">10.9734\/bjemt\/2015\/14001<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">Nariman Mohammadi (2026). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13563467.2026.2692412\" rel=\"noopener\">Ideological dance on a scorched land: the political economy of underdevelopment in Rojhelat (East Kurdistan)<\/a>. New Political Economy. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13563467.2026.2692412\">10.1080\/13563467.2026.2692412<\/a><\/span><\/li><li class=\"pf-notice__src\"><span translate=\"no\">Maghdid RS, Kareem SM, Salih Hama Y et al. (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0301698\" rel=\"noopener\">Moderating role of political stability and economic policy uncertainty between country governance practice and stock market performance. A comparative analysis of Pakistan and Kurdistan Region of Iraq.<\/a>. PLoS One. DOI <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0301698\">10.1371\/journal.pone.0301698<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"pf-notice__cite\"><a href=\"#cite\">Diese Seite zitieren<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"pf-notice__foot\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/news\/de\/corrections\/\">Einen Fehler melden<\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/about-this-network\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Was wir sind und was nicht<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/details>\n<nav class=\"pf-toc\" aria-label=\"Auf dieser Seite\"><p class=\"pf-toc__h\">Auf dieser Seite<\/p><ol><li><a href=\"#s1\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">01<\/span><span>Was es bietet<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s2\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">02<\/span><span>F\u00fcr wen es ist<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s3\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">03<\/span><span>So funktioniert es<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s4\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">04<\/span><span>Was es immer einh\u00e4lt<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s5\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">05<\/span><span>Fachgebiete<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s6\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">06<\/span><span>Kurse<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s7\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">07<\/span><span>Praxisgemeinschaften<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#s8\"><span class=\"pf-toc__n\">08<\/span><span>Forschung und Quellen<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s1\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">01<\/span>Was es bietet<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-features\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-feature\"><span class=\"pf-feature__n\">01<\/span><h3 class=\"pf-feature__title\">Pr\u00fcfung von Arbeitgebern<\/h3><p class=\"pf-feature__text\">Kriterien f\u00fcr die Pr\u00fcfung von Arbeitgebern in der Stellenb\u00f6rse.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-feature\"><span class=\"pf-feature__n\">02<\/span><h3 class=\"pf-feature__title\">Leitfaden f\u00fcr Gr\u00fcndende<\/h3><p class=\"pf-feature__text\">Standards f\u00fcr Lernangebote und Austauschgruppen f\u00fcr Gr\u00fcndende.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-feature\"><span class=\"pf-feature__n\">03<\/span><h3 class=\"pf-feature__title\">Handelsinformationen<\/h3><p class=\"pf-feature__text\">Wie Handelsregeln erkl\u00e4rt werden, mit Quellen.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"pf-feature\"><span class=\"pf-feature__n\">04<\/span><h3 class=\"pf-feature__title\">L\u00e4ndliche Lebensgrundlagen<\/h3><p class=\"pf-feature__text\">Hinweise zu Landwirtschaft und Lebensgrundlagen in den Bergen.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s2\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">02<\/span>F\u00fcr wen es ist<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-list\"><li>\u00d6konominnen und \u00d6konomen<\/li><li>Gesch\u00e4ftsinhaberinnen und Gesch\u00e4ftsinhaber<\/li><li>Beraterinnen und Berater f\u00fcr Besch\u00e4ftigung<\/li><li>Fachleute f\u00fcr Landwirtschaft<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s3\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">03<\/span>So funktioniert es<\/h2>\n  \n  <dl class=\"pf-facts\"><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Vorschlag<\/dt><dd>die Gemeinschaft wartet auf die Entscheidung des zust\u00e4ndigen Organs.<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Beitreten<\/dt><dd>die Mitglieder w\u00fcrden nach Fachgebiet mitwirken und ihre Interessen offenlegen.<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Entwurf<\/dt><dd>die Mitglieder w\u00fcrden Kriterien und Leitlinien entwerfen.<\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-fact\"><dt>Pr\u00fcfung<\/dt><dd>jedes Ergebnis w\u00fcrde vor der Verwendung einem Peer Review unterzogen.<\/dd><\/div><\/dl>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s4\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">04<\/span>Was es immer einh\u00e4lt<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-outcomes\"><li>Unabh\u00e4ngig von jeder Partei, jedem Staat und jedem Geldgeber<\/li><li>Interessenkonflikte werden offengelegt<\/li><li>Jedes Ergebnis wird gepr\u00fcft und mit Quellen belegt<\/li><li>Kein Unternehmen wird unterst\u00fctzt<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s5\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">05<\/span>Fachgebiete<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-cards pf-cards--3\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\">Abteilung f\u00fcr Unternehmertum, Finanzen und Philanthropie<\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/disciplines\/entrepreneurship\/\">Unternehmertum und Kleinunternehmen<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Ein Unternehmen gr\u00fcnden und ausbauen, als Migrantin oder Migrant, als R\u00fcckkehrende oder als Familienbetrieb in der Region.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\"><span class=\"pf-acad-counts\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">2<\/span> Kurse<\/span><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">5<\/span> Teilgebiete<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--ok\">Offen<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\">Abteilung f\u00fcr Wirtschaftswissenschaften<\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/disciplines\/labour-economics\/\">Arbeits\u00f6konomie<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Arbeit und L\u00f6hne, von Saisonarbeit bis zu qualifizierten Migrantinnen und Migranten, deren Ausbildung nicht anerkannt wird.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\"><span class=\"pf-acad-counts\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">3<\/span> Kurse<\/span><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">5<\/span> Teilgebiete<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--ok\">Offen<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\">Abteilung f\u00fcr Unternehmertum, Finanzen und Philanthropie<\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/disciplines\/finance-remittances\/\">Finanzen und R\u00fcck\u00fcberweisungen<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Sparen, Kredit und Investition sowie die R\u00fcck\u00fcberweisungen, die Diaspora-Haushalte mit Angeh\u00f6rigen in der Region verbinden.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\"><span class=\"pf-acad-counts\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">0<\/span> Kurse<\/span><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">5<\/span> Teilgebiete<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Vorgeschlagen<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\">Abteilung f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrungssysteme und l\u00e4ndliche Entwicklung<\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/disciplines\/rural-development\/\">L\u00e4ndliche Entwicklung und Agrar\u00f6konomie<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Landwirtschaftliche Einkommen, M\u00e4rkte, Genossenschaften und das Leben im Dorf.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\"><span class=\"pf-acad-counts\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">0<\/span> Kurse<\/span><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">4<\/span> Teilgebiete<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Vorgeschlagen<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\">Abteilung f\u00fcr Stadt- und Regionalentwicklung<\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/disciplines\/economic-geography\/\">Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeografie<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Warum Orte sich unterscheiden: Grenzregionen, alte Handelswege und das Gef\u00e4lle zwischen Regionen.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\"><span class=\"pf-acad-counts\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">0<\/span> Kurse<\/span><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">4<\/span> Teilgebiete<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Vorgeschlagen<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\">Abteilung f\u00fcr Stadt- und Regionalentwicklung<\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/disciplines\/transport-planning\/\">Verkehrs- und Mobilit\u00e4tsplanung<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Menschen und G\u00fcter \u00fcber Berge und Grenzen bringen und abgelegene D\u00f6rfer erreichbar machen.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\"><span class=\"pf-acad-counts\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">0<\/span> Kurse<\/span><span class=\"pf-acad-count\"><span class=\"pf-acad-count__n\">3<\/span> Teilgebiete<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Vorgeschlagen<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s6\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">06<\/span>Kurse<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-cards pf-cards--3\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-card\" data-school=\"work-enterprise\" data-faculty=\"economic-social-development\" data-level=\"F\" data-wave=\"2\" data-status=\"planned\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\">Unternehmertum und Kleinunternehmen \u00b7 Grundlagen<\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/catalogue\/founding-a-small-business\/\">Ein kleines Unternehmen gr\u00fcnden<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Gliederung in Vorbereitung.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\">Welle 2 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Geplant<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\" data-school=\"land-environment\" data-faculty=\"kurdish-studies\" data-level=\"F\" data-wave=\"3\" data-status=\"planned\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\">Land und Umwelt Kurdistans \u00b7 Grundlagen<\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/catalogue\/zagros-forests-and-mountain-agriculture\/\">W\u00e4lder des Zagros und Landwirtschaft in den Bergen<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Gliederung in Vorbereitung.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\">Welle 3 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Geplant<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\" data-school=\"society-politics\" data-faculty=\"kurdish-studies\" data-level=\"P S\" data-wave=\"3\" data-status=\"planned\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\">Kurdische Gesellschaft und Politik \u00b7 Praxis, Wissenschaft<\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/catalogue\/institutions-and-economy-of-the-kurdistan-region\/\">Institutionen und Wirtschaft der Region Kurdistan<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Gliederung in Vorbereitung.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__foot\">Welle 3 <span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Geplant<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><\/ul><p class=\"pf-acad-honest\">Ein Lernnachweis zeigt, was gelernt und gepr\u00fcft wurde. Er ist weder ein Zertifikat noch ein Abschluss.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s7\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">07<\/span>Praxisgemeinschaften<\/h2>\n  \n  <ul class=\"pf-cards pf-cards--3\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Vorgeschlagen<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/communities\/indicators\/\">Indikatoren und Methoden<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Eine vorgeschlagene Fachgemeinschaft zu Indikatoren, Zahlen und den Methoden dahinter.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Vorgeschlagen<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/communities\/peer-review\/\">Peer Review<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Eine vorgeschlagene Praxisgemeinschaft, die die Inhalte und Ergebnisse des Netzwerks vor der Verwendung pr\u00fcft.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Vorgeschlagen<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/communities\/education-standards\/\">Bildungs- und Sprachstandards<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Eine vorgeschlagene Fachgemeinschaft zu Kursqualit\u00e4t und Standards f\u00fcr kurdische Variet\u00e4ten und Schriften.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Vorgeschlagen<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/communities\/health-protection\/\">Gesundheit, Schutz und humanit\u00e4re Koordination<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Eine vorgeschlagene Fachgemeinschaft zu Schutz, Standards f\u00fcr Verweise und humanit\u00e4ren Leitlinien.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Vorgeschlagen<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/communities\/culture-archives\/\">Kultur, Kulturerbe und Archive<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Eine vorgeschlagene Fachgemeinschaft zu Kulturerbe-Unterlagen, Oral History und Archiven.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Vorgeschlagen<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/communities\/drr-climate\/\">Katastrophenvorsorge und Klimaanpassung<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Eine vorgeschlagene Fachgemeinschaft zu Katastrophenrisiken und Klimaanpassung in ganz Kurdistan.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><li class=\"pf-card\">\n  <p class=\"pf-card__meta\"><span class=\"pf-status pf-status--pending\">Vorgeschlagen<\/span><\/p>\n  <h3 class=\"pf-card__title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/communities\/project-readiness\/\">Projektvorbereitung, Schutzstandards und Beschaffung<\/a><\/h3>\n  <p class=\"pf-card__text\">Eine vorgeschlagene Fachgemeinschaft dazu, wie Projekte vorbereitet, abgesichert und beschafft werden.<\/p>\n  \n<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/section><details class=\"pf-cite\" id=\"cite\"><summary>Diese Seite zitieren<\/summary><div class=\"pf-cite__body\"><dl class=\"pf-cite__list\">\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">APA<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-apa\" translate=\"no\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization. (2026). <i>Livelihoods and Trade Facilitation<\/i>. kurds.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/communities\/livelihoods\/\">https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/communities\/livelihoods\/<\/a><\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-apa\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Kopieren<\/span><span hidden>Kopiert<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div><div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">Chicago<\/dt><dd><p class=\"pf-cite__text\" id=\"pf-cite-chicago\" translate=\"no\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization. 2026. \u201cLivelihoods and Trade Facilitation.\u201d kurds.global. <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/communities\/livelihoods\/\">https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/communities\/livelihoods\/<\/a>.<\/p><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-chicago\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Kopieren<\/span><span hidden>Kopiert<\/span><\/button><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">BibTeX<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" translate=\"no\">@misc{kco2026_learn_communities_livelihoods,\n\tauthor = {{The Kurdish Cooperation Organization}},\n\tyear = {2026},\n\tnote = {Licence: CC BY 4.0},\n\ttitle = {Livelihoods and {Trade} {Facilitation}},\n\turl = {https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/communities\/livelihoods\/},\n\thowpublished = {https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/communities\/livelihoods\/},\n}\n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-bibtex\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Kopieren<\/span><span hidden>Kopiert<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/kurds-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/kco2026_learn_communities_livelihoods.bib\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/kco2026_learn_communities_livelihoods.bib\" download=\"kco2026_learn_communities_livelihoods.bib\">Herunterladen <span translate=\"no\">.bib<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<div class=\"pf-cite__row\"><dt translate=\"no\">RIS<\/dt><dd><pre class=\"pf-cite__code\" id=\"pf-cite-ris\" translate=\"no\">TY  - ELEC\nAU  - The Kurdish Cooperation Organization\nDA  - 2026\/\/\/\nPY  - 2026\nID  - kco2026_learn_commun\nN1  - Licence: CC BY 4.0\nTI  - Livelihoods and Trade Facilitation\nUR  - https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/communities\/livelihoods\/\nER  - \n<\/pre><p class=\"pf-cite__tools\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"pf-cite__copy\" data-pf-copy=\"pf-cite-ris\" aria-live=\"polite\" hidden><span>Kopieren<\/span><span hidden>Kopiert<\/span><\/button><a class=\"pf-cite__dl\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/kurds-site-kit\/assets\/cite\/kco2026_learn_communities_livelihoods.ris\" data-pf-asset=\"cite\/kco2026_learn_communities_livelihoods.ris\" download=\"kco2026_learn_communities_livelihoods.ris\">Herunterladen <span translate=\"no\">.ris<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/dd><\/div>\n<\/dl><p class=\"pf-cite__meta\">Lizenz <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" translate=\"no\" rel=\"license\">CC BY 4.0<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/details><section class=\"pf-section\" id=\"s8\">\n  <h2 class=\"pf-h2\"><span class=\"pf-num\">08<\/span>Forschung und Quellen<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"pf-intro\">Neuere und relevante Arbeiten zum Thema dieser Seite, aus zugelassenen offenen wissenschaftlichen Quellen. Nur Metadaten und Links. Titel bleiben wie ver\u00f6ffentlicht. Noch nicht gepr\u00fcft.<\/p>\n  <ol class=\"pf-srchub\" role=\"list\"><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/rg.2.2.35036.09604\" rel=\"noopener\">MyAccount: The Kurdistan Region\u2019s Quantum Leap Towards Economy-Making?<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Arez Barzinjyi \u00b7 2024 \u00b7 Unpublished<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Artikel<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DataCite<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAIRE<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-93420-4_2\" rel=\"noopener\">The Nature of Political Economy Challenges of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Anwar Anaid \u00b7 2018 \u00b7 Iraqi Kurdistan\u2019s Statehood Aspirations<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Sektion<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAIRE<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/bjemt\/2015\/14001\" rel=\"noopener\">Direct Foreign Investment in Kurdistan Region of Middle-East: Non-Oil Sector Analysis<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Angus Unegbu, Augustine Okanlawon \u00b7 2015 \u00b7 British Journal of Economics, Management &amp; Trade<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Artikel<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">arXiv<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open Access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13563467.2026.2692412\" rel=\"noopener\">Ideological dance on a scorched land: the political economy of underdevelopment in Rojhelat (East Kurdistan)<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Nariman Mohammadi \u00b7 2026 \u00b7 New Political Economy<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Artikel<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0301698\" rel=\"noopener\">Moderating role of political stability and economic policy uncertainty between country governance practice and stock market performance. A comparative analysis of Pakistan and Kurdistan Region of Iraq.<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Maghdid RS, Kareem SM, Salih Hama Y et al. \u00b7 2024 \u00b7 PLoS One<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Artikel<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Europe PMC<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open Access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25676\/11124\/180818\" rel=\"noopener\">Ending gas flaring and powering a sustainable economy of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Peri-Khan Aqrawi-Whitcomb \u00b7 2021 \u00b7 Colorado School of Mines. Arthur Lakes Library<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Melden<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DataCite<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03085147.2022.1987744\" rel=\"noopener\">Post-capitalist marketization in Northern Kurdistan<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Kaner Atakan Turker \u00b7 2021 \u00b7 Economy and Society<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Artikel<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17530350.2023.2259412\" rel=\"noopener\">Negotiating smuggling: tribes, debt, and the informal economy in Turkish Kurdistan<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Haydar Darici \u00b7 2023 \u00b7 Journal of Cultural Economy<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Artikel<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/rg.2.2.34512.83208\" rel=\"noopener\">Durham E-Theses Turkey and Iraqi Kurdistan (1991-2014) from clientelism to interdependence: evolution of uctuating relations in light of identity, security, economy and external interventions Use policy<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Muhammad Mahmood Saleh \u00b7 2021 \u00b7 Unpublished<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Artikel<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">DataCite<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/oet.12356\" rel=\"noopener\">FOCUS: Kurdistan faces grim future as economy crashes and chaos engulfs its neighbours<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">2016 \u00b7 Oil and Energy Trends<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Artikel<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAIRE<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/2210-7975_hrd-0131-20180028\" rel=\"noopener\">Kurdistan Region&#8217;s Debt Crisis Threatens Iraq&#8217;s Economy<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Human Rights Documents Online<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Datensatz<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">Crossref<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><li class=\"pf-srchub__item\">\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__t\" translate=\"no\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23918\/ejmss.v4i2p33\" rel=\"noopener\">Diversification and Economic Growth in Emerging Economies: The Kurdistan of Iraq Experience<\/a><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__m\" translate=\"no\">Beston M. Qadir, Soran Zaher Abdullah, Hawre L. Majeed \u00b7 2023 \u00b7 Eurasian Journal of Management &amp; Social Sciences<\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-srchub__b\"><span class=\"pf-srchub__k\">Artikel<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__src\" translate=\"no\">OpenAIRE<\/span><span class=\"pf-srchub__oa\">Open Access<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"pf-srchub__foot\">Quellen, Lizenzen und Abrufdaten: <span translate=\"no\">arXiv (<a href=\"https:\/\/info.arxiv.org\/help\/api\/tou.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata CC0 1.0; papers under their own licences<\/a>), 2026-10-23; Crossref (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.crossref.org\/documentation\/retrieve-metadata\/rest-api\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata facts, any use; abstracts may be publisher-owned and are never shown<\/a>), 2026-10-23; DataCite (<a href=\"https:\/\/support.datacite.org\/docs\/datacite-metadata-schema\" rel=\"noopener\">CC0 1.0 (DataCite metadata)<\/a>), 2026-10-23; Europe PMC (<a href=\"https:\/\/europepmc.org\/Copyright\" rel=\"noopener\">Metadata reusable; full text under each article&#8217;s licence<\/a>), 2026-10-23; OpenAIRE (<a href=\"https:\/\/graph.openaire.eu\/\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 4.0 (OpenAIRE Graph)<\/a>), 2026-10-23.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<aside class=\"pf-closing\" aria-label=\"Bauen Sie mit uns\"><div class=\"pf-closing__text\"><h2 class=\"pf-closing__title\">Bauen Sie mit uns<\/h2><p>Werden Sie Mitglied oder sagen Sie uns, was Ihre Stadt braucht. Sie entscheiden, was Sie teilen.<\/p><\/div><p class=\"pf-actions\"><a class=\"pf-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/de\/join\/\" data-pf-auth=\"guest\">Beitreten<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/members\/me\/\" data-pf-auth=\"member\">Ihr Profil<\/a><a class=\"pf-btn pf-btn--ghost\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/contact\/\">Kontakt<\/a><\/p><\/aside><\/div><footer class=\"pf-netfoot pf-nf\" aria-label=\"Netzwerk\">\n  <div class=\"pf-netfoot__id\"><a class=\"pf-netfoot__brand\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/de\/\"><svg class=\"pf-mark pf-mark--kilim\" viewBox=\"-5.6 -5.6 11.2 11.2\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" shape-rendering=\"crispEdges\"><g><rect x=\"-0.5\" y=\"-5.5\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-1.5\" y=\"-4.5\" width=\"3\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-2.5\" y=\"-3.5\" width=\"5\" height=\"1\" class=\"m1\"\/><rect x=\"-3.5\" y=\"-2.5\" width=\"7\" height=\"1\" 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class=\"pf-netfoot__regions\"><div><dt>Afrika<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/egypt\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u00c4gypten<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Asien-Pazifik<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/australia\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Australien<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/japan\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Japan<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/new-zealand\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Neuseeland<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Kaukasus<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/armenia\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Armenien<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/azerbaijan\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Aserbaidschan<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/georgia\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Georgien<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Zentralasien<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/kazakhstan\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Kasachstan<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/kyrgyzstan\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Kirgisistan<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/turkmenistan\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Turkmenistan<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Europa<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/belgium\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Belgien<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/denmark\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">D\u00e4nemark<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/germany\/de\/\">Deutschland<\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/finland\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Finnland<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/france\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Frankreich<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/greece\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Griechenland<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/italy\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Italien<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/netherlands\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Niederlande<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/norway\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Norwegen<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/austria\/de\/\">\u00d6sterreich<\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/sweden\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Schweden<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/switzerland\/de\/\">Schweiz<\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/united-kingdom\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Vereinigtes K\u00f6nigreich<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/cyprus\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Zypern<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Europa und Zentralasien<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/russia\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Russland<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Naher Osten<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/iraq\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Irak<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/iran\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Iran<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/israel\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Israel<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/jordan\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Jordanien<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/lebanon\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Libanon<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/syria\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Syrien<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/turkiye\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">T\u00fcrkei<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/united-arab-emirates\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Vereinigte Arabische Emirate<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>Nordamerika<\/dt><dd><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/canada\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Kanada<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a> <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/united-states\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">Vereinigte Staaten<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><div class=\"pf-netfoot__col\"><h2 class=\"pf-netfoot__h\">Mitmachen<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/de\/membership\/\">Mitgliedschaft<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/de\/join\/\">Beitreten<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/de\/get-involved\/\">Mitmachen<\/a><\/li><li data-pf-auth=\"guest\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/login\/?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fkurds.global%2Fde%2Fstart%2F\" rel=\"noopener\">Anmelden<\/a><\/li><li data-pf-auth=\"member\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/de\/start\/\">Hier beginnen<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/contact\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Kontakt<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"pf-netfoot__col\"><h2 class=\"pf-netfoot__h\">Rechtliches und Sicherheit<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/de\/protected-participation\/\">Gesch\u00fctzte Teilnahme<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/guide\/charter-of-the-kurdish-cooperation-organization-kco\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Charta<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/about-this-network\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u00dcber dieses Netzwerk: was wir sind und was nicht<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/news\/de\/corrections\/\">Korrekturen<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/news\/de\/verification\/\">Pr\u00fcfung<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <div class=\"pf-netfoot__langs\"><h2 class=\"pf-netfoot__h\">Sprachen<\/h2><ul class=\"pf-nf__langs\" data-pf-langs=\"\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" hreflang=\"en\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">English<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/kmr\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" hreflang=\"kmr\" lang=\"kmr\" dir=\"ltr\">Kurmanc\u00ee<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/ckb\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" hreflang=\"ckb\" lang=\"ckb\" dir=\"rtl\">\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0648\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/ar\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" hreflang=\"ar\" lang=\"ar\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/fa\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" hreflang=\"fa\" lang=\"fa\" dir=\"rtl\">\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/tr\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" hreflang=\"tr\" lang=\"tr\" dir=\"ltr\">T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/az\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" hreflang=\"az\" lang=\"az\" dir=\"ltr\">Az\u0259rbaycanca<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" hreflang=\"de\" lang=\"de\" dir=\"ltr\" aria-current=\"true\">Deutsch<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/es\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" hreflang=\"es\" lang=\"es\" dir=\"ltr\">Espa\u00f1ol<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/fr\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" hreflang=\"fr\" lang=\"fr\" dir=\"ltr\">Fran\u00e7ais<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/hi\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" hreflang=\"hi\" lang=\"hi\" dir=\"ltr\">\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/id\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" hreflang=\"id\" lang=\"id\" dir=\"ltr\">Bahasa Indonesia<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/it\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" hreflang=\"it\" lang=\"it\" dir=\"ltr\">Italiano<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/ja\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" hreflang=\"ja\" lang=\"ja\" dir=\"ltr\">\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/ko\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" hreflang=\"ko\" lang=\"ko\" dir=\"ltr\">\ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/pt\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" hreflang=\"pt\" lang=\"pt\" dir=\"ltr\">Portugu\u00eas<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/ru\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" hreflang=\"ru\" lang=\"ru\" dir=\"ltr\">\u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/zh\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" hreflang=\"zh\" lang=\"zh\" dir=\"ltr\">\u7b80\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n  <p class=\"pf-netfoot__legal\"><span lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">The Kurdish Cooperation Organization (KCO)<\/span> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/guide\/charter-of-the-kurdish-cooperation-organization-kco\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Fassung der Charta<\/a> <span class=\"pf-nf__ver\" dir=\"ltr\">1.0.0.1<\/span><\/p>\n  <p class=\"pf-netfoot__pos\">Die Kurdische Kooperationsorganisation ist ein unabh\u00e4ngiges Peer-to-Peer-Netzwerk f\u00fcr Bildung und Entwicklung kurdischer Gemeinschaften. Sie ist keine Universit\u00e4t und beansprucht keine hoheitliche Befugnis. <a class=\"pf-xlang\" href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/about-this-network\/\" hreflang=\"en\" data-pf-xlang=\"English\">\u00dcber dieses Netzwerk: was wir sind und was nicht<span class=\"pf-xlang__tag\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" translate=\"no\">English<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>KCOkurds.global KCOAkademie Netzwerk Bereiche 01Akademie Jedes Wissensgebiet, Kurse in allen kurdischen Variet\u00e4ten und Praxisgemeinschaften. 02Kulturerbe Geschichte vom Zagros bis heute, Erinnerung, Glaubensgemeinschaften, K\u00fcnste, Literatur und K\u00fcche. 03Sprache Kurmandschi, Sorani, Zazaki, &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/de\/communities\/livelihoods\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Livelihoods and Trade Facilitation&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":202,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_buddyx_sub_header_visibility":"","_buddyx_sub_header_title_visibility":"","_hide_show_side_panel":"","_buddyxpro_page_sidebar":"","_buddyxpro_page_disable_header":"","_buddyxpro_page_disable_footer":"","_buddyxpro_page_content_width":"","_buddyxpro_page_header_style":"","_buddyxpro_page_color_mode":"","_buddyxpro_page_loader":"","_nx_seo_description":"","_nx_seo_title":"","_nx_seo_image":"","_nx_seo_jsonld":"","_nx_i18n_locale":"","_nx_i18n_group":"","footnotes":"","_nx_seo_image_alt":"","_nx_seo_canonical":"","_nx_seo_robots":"","_nx_seo_schema_type":""},"class_list":["post-1696","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1696","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1696"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1696\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/202"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kurds.global\/learn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1696"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}