KCOkurds.globalKCO语言
搜索
账户
语言简体中文18

语言

来源与方法

语言页面上的每个事实都注明其来源，附年份和标注。

01标签

已核实
在所给日期于来源处读取。
二手来源
通过另一来源引用，例如通过 Glottolog 引用 Ethnologue。
待核实
尚未对照来源核查。显示出来是为了让读者自行核查。

02方法

  • 濒危状况：首先是联合国教科文组织世界语言地图集，在能够读取之前待核实；旁附 Glottolog，其对每项都注明自己的来源。
  • 分类和方言群来自 Glottolog。
  • 音位表来自 PHOIBLE，每张表来自一份已发表的描述。所有者批准该来源后才会显示。
  • 字母来自 Unicode CLDR；名称和码位来自 Unicode 字符数据库。
  • 罗马字母转写依照美国国会图书馆的 ALA-LC 表。
  • 在人口普查或调查数字连同其度量、年份和来源核查之前，使用者人数保持未知。
  • 录音和图像只来自登记册中已批准的来源。

03参考文献

  1. Hammarström, Forkel, Haspelmath and Bank. Glottolog 5.3. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. 2025

    已核实 CC BY 4.0 分类、方言群和综合濒危状态（AES），读取于 2026-10-23。

  2. Moran and McCloy (eds.). PHOIBLE 2.0. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2019

    已核实 CC BY-SA 3.0 音位清单，各自来自其所标明的已发表来源，2026-10-23 读取。

  3. Unicode Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR), version 49 data. 2026

    已核实 Unicode License v3 示例字符和默认数字系统，读取于 2026-10-23。

  4. The Unicode Standard, version 18.0.0: Unicode Character Database. 2026

    已核实 Unicode License v3 字符名称、码位和区段范围。

  5. Unicode code charts. 2026

    已核实

  6. ISO 15924 codes for the representation of names of scripts. Unicode Consortium, registration authority. 2025

    已核实

  7. ISO 639-3 code tables. SIL International, registration authority. 2025

    待核实 代码已通过 Glottolog 记录交叉核对；代码表本身未读取。

  8. Library of Congress. ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Persian, 2012 version. 2012

    已核实

  9. Library of Congress. ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Kurdish, 2012 version. 2012

    已核实

  10. Library of Congress. ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Armenian, 2022 version. 2022

    已核实

  11. Library of Congress. ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Syriac, 2012 version. 2012

    已核实

  12. Library of Congress. ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Azerbaijani, 2017 version. 2017

    已核实

  13. Library of Congress. ALA-LC Romanization Tables. 2025

    已核实

  14. Eberhard, Simons and Fennig (eds.). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 28th edition. SIL International. 2025

    二手来源 仅按 Glottolog 的报告引用（其 AES 来源）。未读取 Ethnologue 本身。

  15. Campbell, Lee, Okura, Simpson and Ueki. The Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ElCat). 2022

    二手来源 仅按 Glottolog 的报告引用（其 AES 来源）。

  16. Moseley (ed.). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edition. UNESCO Publishing. 2010

    二手来源 仅按 Glottolog 的报告引用（其 AES 来源）。

  17. UNESCO. World Atlas of Languages. 2025

    待核实 2026-10-23核查时无法访问。其对各语言的状态有待核实。

  18. Constitute Project. Constitutions of the world, English translations. 2025

    已核实 关于官方语言的文章，阅读于 2026-10-23。

  19. Council of Europe. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Companion volume. 2020

    待核实 该网站在2026-10-23拒绝了核查。

  20. Thackston. Kurmanji Kurdish: A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings. 2006

    待核实

  21. Thackston. Sorani Kurdish: A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings. 2006

    待核实

  22. McCarus. Kurdish Phonology. In Kaye (ed.), Phonologies of Asia and Africa. 1997

    待核实

  23. Majidi and Ternes. Persian (Farsi). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 1991

    待核实

  24. Windfuhr (ed.). The Iranian Languages. Routledge. 2009

    待核实

  25. Johanson and Csató (eds.). The Turkic Languages. Routledge. 1998

    待核实

  26. Perry. A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar. Brill. 2005

    待核实

  27. Dum-Tragut. Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian. John Benjamins. 2009

    待核实

  28. Khan. The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of the Assyrian Christians of Urmi. Brill. 2016

    待核实

  29. Häberl. The Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr. Harrassowitz. 2009

    待核实

  30. Paul. Zazaki: Grammatik und Versuch einer Dialektologie. Reichert. 1998

    待核实

  31. MacKenzie. The Dialect of Awroman (Hawraman-ī Luhōn). Munksgaard. 1966

    待核实

  32. Mahmoudveysi, Bailey, Paul and Haig. The Gorani Language of Gawraju. Reichert. 2012

    待核实

  33. Fattah. Les dialectes kurdes méridionaux. Acta Iranica 37. Peeters. 2000

    待核实

  34. Haig and Öpengin. Kurdish: A critical research overview. Kurdish Studies 2 (2). 2014

    待核实

  35. Jahani and Korn. Balochi. In Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian Languages. 2009

    待核实

  36. Paul. A Grammar of Early Judaeo-Persian. Reichert. 2013

    待核实

  37. Chyet. Kurdish-English Dictionary. Yale University Press. 2003

    待核实

  38. Wahby and Edmonds. A Kurdish-English Dictionary. Clarendon Press. 1966

    待核实

  39. Drower and Macuch. A Mandaic Dictionary. Clarendon Press. 1963

    待核实

  40. Steingass. A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary. Routledge and K. Paul. Digital edition: Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, University of Chicago. 1892

    已核实 公有领域。数字版在 2026-10-23 可访问。

  41. Universal Dependencies treebanks. 2025

    已核实 带注释的语料库；每个树库各自注明其许可。

  42. Dryer and Haspelmath (eds.). The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. 2013

    已核实 CC BY 4.0

  43. Wikimedia Commons: pronunciation recordings, each under its own open licence. 2026

    待核实 已登记为等待许可审核的来源。所有者批准之前不显示任何录音。

04更正

发现错误？每一项更正都会经过核查并记录。

报告更正

引用本页
APA

The Kurdish Cooperation Organization. (2026). Sources and method. kurds.global. https://kurds.global/language/sources/

Chicago

The Kurdish Cooperation Organization. 2026. “Sources and Method.” kurds.global. https://kurds.global/language/sources/.

BibTeX
@misc{kco2026_language_sources,
	author = {{The Kurdish Cooperation Organization}},
	year = {2026},
	note = {Licence: CC BY 4.0},
	title = {Sources and method},
	url = {https://kurds.global/language/sources/},
	howpublished = {https://kurds.global/language/sources/},
}

下载 .bib

RIS
TY  - ELEC
AU  - The Kurdish Cooperation Organization
DA  - 2026///
PY  - 2026
ID  - kco2026_language_sou
N1  - Licence: CC BY 4.0
TI  - Sources and method
UR  - https://kurds.global/language/sources/
ER  -

下载 .ris

许可 CC BY 4.0

05研究与来源

关于本页主题的近期相关研究，来自已批准的开放学术来源。仅含元数据和链接。标题保持发表时的原样。尚未审核。

  1. Kurdish and Persian: Dialects or Separate Languages?

    Mohammed Khalid Mahmood,, Ali Qadir Hama Rash,, Mohammed Amin Qadir Hama Rash, et al. · 2023 · Zenodo

    文章DataCiteZenodo开放获取CC-BY-4.0

  2. Gorani: A Distinct and Independent Language Not a Variety of the So-called Kurdish

    Sayyed Mahdi Sadjadi · 2023 · International Journal of Language & Linguistics

    文章OpenAlex开放获取CC-BY

  3. A Comparative Study of the Function of Modal Verbs in Persian and Kurdish Languages (case study: two contemporary Persian and Kurdish novels)

    Zaniar Naghshbandi, Fardin Hosseinpanahi · 2024 · پژوهشنامه ادبیات کردی

    文章DOAJ开放获取

  4. The First Parallel Corpora for Kurdish Sign Language

    Zina Kamal, Hossein Hassani · 2023 · arXiv

    预印本arXiv开放获取

  5. Struggling against language shift: Kurdish language education in Turkey

    Anu Leinonen · 2022 · Kurdish Studies

    文章Crossref

  6. Proto-Kurdish: Historical Development and Linguistic Distinctiveness within the Northwestern Iranian Languages

    Marwan Hamay · 2025 · Zenodo

    文章DataCite开放获取CC-BY-4.0

  7. Dasinya: A dataset and preprocessing pipeline for the Badini Kurdish dialect.

    Saeed VA, Jacksi K · 2026 · Data Brief

    文章Europe PMC开放获取

  8. The Theories of standardization of language and Kurdish language

    Omar Ahmed Azeez · 2026 · Qalaai Zanist Scientific Journal

    文章OpenAlex开放获取CC-BY

  9. Language and Speech Technology for Central Kurdish Varieties

    Sina Ahmadi, Daban Q. Jaff, Md Mahfuz Ibn Alam et al. · 2024 · arXiv

    预印本arXiv开放获取

  10. Kurdish Dialects and Neighbor Languages Automatic Recognition

    Abdulbasit K. Al-Talabani, Zrar K. Abdul, Azad A. Ameen · 2017 · ARO-The Scientific Journal of Koya University

    文章DOAJ开放获取

  11. Optimizing Fake News Detection in Low-Resource Languages: A Comparative Study of Deep Learning Models Using Sentence-Level FastText Vectors in Kurdish and English

    Karim¹ AM, A.Hassn B · 2026 · Research Square

    预印本Europe PMC

  12. Towards Machine Translation for the Kurdish Language

    Sina Ahmadi, Mariam Masoud · 2020 · arXiv

    预印本arXiv开放获取

来源、许可和获取日期： arXiv (Metadata CC0 1.0; papers under their own licences), 2026-10-23; Crossref (Metadata facts, any use; abstracts may be publisher-owned and are never shown), 2026-10-23; DataCite (CC0 1.0 (DataCite metadata)), 2026-10-23; DOAJ (Metadata CC0 1.0 (DOAJ); articles under their own open licences), 2026-10-23; Europe PMC (Metadata reusable; full text under each article’s licence), 2026-10-23; OpenAlex (CC0-1.0 data; metered API (free key)), 2026-10-23; Zenodo (Metadata CC0 1.0; each record under its own licence), 2026-10-23.

Privacy choices