Language

01The languages

Every language of the community, in the scripts it is written in. Select a language for its pages: the language, writing, linguistics, learning and resources.

Status is the Agglomerated Endangerment Status of Glottolog 5.3, which names its own source for each language. A language with several entries shows the most endangered.

02Tools

3 tools, all in your browser. Nothing you type is sent anywhere.

• 01

  Script chart

  Every letter of an alphabet with its forms, code point, romanisation and sound.

• 02

  Numerals converter

  A number in Western, Arabic-Indic and Persian digits, and in Armenian and Hebrew letter numerals.

• 03

  Transliteration

  Persian, Kurdish, Azerbaijani, Armenian and Syriac in Latin letters, and Kurdish between its three alphabets, by the ALA-LC tables.

03Scripts

The alphabets the register’s languages are written in, each with its chart.

• Arab · Right to left

  ا ب پ تPersian alphabet

  32 letters.

• Arab · Right to left

  ئ ا ب پKurdish Arabic-based alphabet

  33 letters.

• Arab · Right to left

  ئ ا ب پSouthern Kurdish in the Arabic-based alphabet

  34 letters.

• Latn · Left to right

  a b c çKurdish Latin alphabet (Hawar)

  31 letters.

• Cyrl · Left to right

  а б щ чKurdish Cyrillic alphabet

  31 letters.

• Cyrl · Left to right

  а б в гRussian Cyrillic alphabet

  33 letters.

04From first steps to fluency

Levels follow the descriptors of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) as a guide. A course here is not an official CEFR exam.

1. A1

   First steps

   Read and write the script. Greet, introduce yourself and ask simple questions.

2. A2

   Everyday use

   Handle routine tasks: shopping, travel, family and work.

3. B1 to B2

   Independent use

   Follow the news, write letters and take part in a discussion.

4. C1 to C2

   Proficient use

   Read literature, work in the language and interpret.

Learning and training

05Preservation

How endangered each language is, by the sources Glottolog brings together.

Preservation

06Resources

Dictionaries, corpora, libraries, terminology bodies and media, from official and academic publishers.

• 8 Reference
• 2 Dictionary
• 2 Digital library
• 2 Research centre
• 2 Media
• 2 Corpus

The resources directory

07The register in numbers

Counts of the register, updated with every build.

The register index: every language page

08Interface languages

The languages the pages are built in. English is the reference. Main-site languages are the community’s own languages and a main language of each G20 member state.

09How a language joins the interface

10Saturday schools and teachers

Kurdish was banned or restricted in several of the states where Kurds live for much of the 20th century. Much of its teaching moved to homes, diaspora schools and mother-tongue programmes abroad. The network is preparing shared curricula, teacher training and a directory of schools.

11Rules the platform follows

• Kurmanji uses the Hawar Latin alphabet with ç ê î ş û
• Sorani uses the Kurdish Arabic-based alphabet with ڕ ڵ ۆ ێ ە, written right to left
• Search finds names across scripts
• Machine translation is only a labelled reading aid
• Zazaki, Southern Kurdish and Gorani get human translation only

Sources and method

12Learn in the Academy

Courses and disciplines of the Academy on the subject of this page.

A completion record shows what was studied and assessed. It is not a certificate or a qualification.

All disciplines

13Research and sources

Recent and relevant work on this page’s subject, from approved open scholarly sources. Metadata and links only. Titles stay as published. Not yet reviewed.

1. Kurdish and Persian: Dialects or Separate Languages?

   Mohammed Khalid Mahmood,, Ali Qadir Hama Rash,, Mohammed Amin Qadir Hama Rash, et al. · 2023 · Zenodo

   ArticleDataCiteZenodoOpen accessCC-BY-4.0

2. Gorani: A Distinct and Independent Language Not a Variety of the So-called Kurdish

   Sayyed Mahdi Sadjadi · 2023 · International Journal of Language & Linguistics

   ArticleOpenAlexOpen accessCC-BY

3. A Comparative Study of the Function of Modal Verbs in Persian and Kurdish Languages (case study: two contemporary Persian and Kurdish novels)

   Zaniar Naghshbandi, Fardin Hosseinpanahi · 2024 · پژوهشنامه ادبیات کردی

   ArticleDOAJOpen access

4. The First Parallel Corpora for Kurdish Sign Language

   Zina Kamal, Hossein Hassani · 2023 · arXiv

   PreprintarXivOpen access

5. Struggling against language shift: Kurdish language education in Turkey

   Anu Leinonen · 2022 · Kurdish Studies

   ArticleCrossref

6. Proto-Kurdish: Historical Development and Linguistic Distinctiveness within the Northwestern Iranian Languages

   Marwan Hamay · 2025 · Zenodo

   ArticleDataCiteOpen accessCC-BY-4.0

7. Dasinya: A dataset and preprocessing pipeline for the Badini Kurdish dialect.

   Saeed VA, Jacksi K · 2026 · Data Brief

   ArticleEurope PMCOpen access

8. The Theories of standardization of language and Kurdish language

   Omar Ahmed Azeez · 2026 · Qalaai Zanist Scientific Journal

   ArticleOpenAlexOpen accessCC-BY

9. Language and Speech Technology for Central Kurdish Varieties

   Sina Ahmadi, Daban Q. Jaff, Md Mahfuz Ibn Alam et al. · 2024 · arXiv

   PreprintarXivOpen access

10. Kurdish Dialects and Neighbor Languages Automatic Recognition

    Abdulbasit K. Al-Talabani, Zrar K. Abdul, Azad A. Ameen · 2017 · ARO-The Scientific Journal of Koya University

    ArticleDOAJOpen access

11. Optimizing Fake News Detection in Low-Resource Languages: A Comparative Study of Deep Learning Models Using Sentence-Level FastText Vectors in Kurdish and English

    Karim¹ AM, A.Hassn B · 2026 · Research Square

    PreprintEurope PMC

12. Towards Machine Translation for the Kurdish Language

    Sina Ahmadi, Mariam Masoud · 2020 · arXiv

    PreprintarXivOpen access

Sources, licences and fetch dates: arXiv (Metadata CC0 1.0; papers under their own licences), 2026-10-23; Crossref (Metadata facts, any use; abstracts may be publisher-owned and are never shown), 2026-10-23; DataCite (CC0 1.0 (DataCite metadata)), 2026-10-23; DOAJ (Metadata CC0 1.0 (DOAJ); articles under their own open licences), 2026-10-23; Europe PMC (Metadata reusable; full text under each article’s licence), 2026-10-23; OpenAlex (CC0-1.0 data; metered API (free key)), 2026-10-23; Zenodo (Metadata CC0 1.0; each record under its own licence), 2026-10-23.