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Language

Sources and method

Every fact on the language pages names its source, with the year and a label.

01Labels

Verified
Read at the source on the date given.
Secondary source
Cited through another source, such as Ethnologue through Glottolog.
To verify
Not yet checked against the source. Shown so readers can check it.

02Method

  • Endangerment: the UNESCO World Atlas of Languages first, to verify until it can be read, and Glottolog beside it, which names its own source for each.
  • Classification and dialect groups come from Glottolog.
  • Phoneme tables come from PHOIBLE, each from one published description. They appear once the owner approves the source.
  • Letters come from Unicode CLDR; names and code points from the Unicode Character Database.
  • Romanisation follows the ALA-LC tables of the Library of Congress.
  • Speaker numbers stay unknown until a census or survey figure is checked with its measure, year and source.
  • Recordings and images appear only from approved sources in the register.

03Bibliography

  1. Hammarström, Forkel, Haspelmath and Bank. Glottolog 5.3. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. 2025

    Verified CC BY 4.0 Classification, dialect groups and the Agglomerated Endangerment Status (AES), read 2026-10-23.

  2. Moran and McCloy (eds.). PHOIBLE 2.0. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2019

    Verified CC BY-SA 3.0 Phoneme inventories, each from the published source it names, read 2026-10-23.

  3. Unicode Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR), version 49 data. 2026

    Verified Unicode License v3 Exemplar characters and default numbering systems, read 2026-10-23.

  4. The Unicode Standard, version 18.0.0: Unicode Character Database. 2026

    Verified Unicode License v3 Character names, code points and block ranges.

  5. Unicode code charts. 2026

    Verified

  6. ISO 15924 codes for the representation of names of scripts. Unicode Consortium, registration authority. 2025

    Verified

  7. ISO 639-3 code tables. SIL International, registration authority. 2025

    To verify Codes cross-checked through Glottolog records; the code tables themselves were not read.

  8. Library of Congress. ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Persian, 2012 version. 2012

    Verified

  9. Library of Congress. ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Kurdish, 2012 version. 2012

    Verified

  10. Library of Congress. ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Armenian, 2022 version. 2022

    Verified

  11. Library of Congress. ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Syriac, 2012 version. 2012

    Verified

  12. Library of Congress. ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Azerbaijani, 2017 version. 2017

    Verified

  13. Library of Congress. ALA-LC Romanization Tables. 2025

    Verified

  14. Eberhard, Simons and Fennig (eds.). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 28th edition. SIL International. 2025

    Secondary source Cited only as Glottolog reports it (its AES source). Ethnologue itself was not read.

  15. Campbell, Lee, Okura, Simpson and Ueki. The Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ElCat). 2022

    Secondary source Cited only as Glottolog reports it (its AES source).

  16. Moseley (ed.). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edition. UNESCO Publishing. 2010

    Secondary source Cited only as Glottolog reports it (its AES source).

  17. UNESCO. World Atlas of Languages. 2025

    To verify Not reachable when checked on 2026-10-23. Its status for each language is to verify.

  18. Constitute Project. Constitutions of the world, English translations. 2025

    Verified Articles on official languages, read 2026-10-23.

  19. Council of Europe. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Companion volume. 2020

    To verify The site refused the check on 2026-10-23.

  20. Thackston. Kurmanji Kurdish: A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings. 2006

    To verify

  21. Thackston. Sorani Kurdish: A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings. 2006

    To verify

  22. McCarus. Kurdish Phonology. In Kaye (ed.), Phonologies of Asia and Africa. 1997

    To verify

  23. Majidi and Ternes. Persian (Farsi). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 1991

    To verify

  24. Windfuhr (ed.). The Iranian Languages. Routledge. 2009

    To verify

  25. Johanson and Csató (eds.). The Turkic Languages. Routledge. 1998

    To verify

  26. Perry. A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar. Brill. 2005

    To verify

  27. Dum-Tragut. Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian. John Benjamins. 2009

    To verify

  28. Khan. The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of the Assyrian Christians of Urmi. Brill. 2016

    To verify

  29. Häberl. The Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr. Harrassowitz. 2009

    To verify

  30. Paul. Zazaki: Grammatik und Versuch einer Dialektologie. Reichert. 1998

    To verify

  31. MacKenzie. The Dialect of Awroman (Hawraman-ī Luhōn). Munksgaard. 1966

    To verify

  32. Mahmoudveysi, Bailey, Paul and Haig. The Gorani Language of Gawraju. Reichert. 2012

    To verify

  33. Fattah. Les dialectes kurdes méridionaux. Acta Iranica 37. Peeters. 2000

    To verify

  34. Haig and Öpengin. Kurdish: A critical research overview. Kurdish Studies 2 (2). 2014

    To verify

  35. Jahani and Korn. Balochi. In Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian Languages. 2009

    To verify

  36. Paul. A Grammar of Early Judaeo-Persian. Reichert. 2013

    To verify

  37. Chyet. Kurdish-English Dictionary. Yale University Press. 2003

    To verify

  38. Wahby and Edmonds. A Kurdish-English Dictionary. Clarendon Press. 1966

    To verify

  39. Drower and Macuch. A Mandaic Dictionary. Clarendon Press. 1963

    To verify

  40. Steingass. A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary. Routledge and K. Paul. Digital edition: Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, University of Chicago. 1892

    Verified Public domain. The digital edition was reachable on 2026-10-23.

  41. Universal Dependencies treebanks. 2025

    Verified Annotated corpora; each treebank states its own licence.

  42. Dryer and Haspelmath (eds.). The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. 2013

    Verified CC BY 4.0

  43. Wikimedia Commons: pronunciation recordings, each under its own open licence. 2026

    To verify Registered as a source awaiting licence review. No recording is shown until the owner approves it.

04Corrections

Found an error? Every correction is checked and recorded.

Report a correction

Cite this page
APA

The Kurdish Cooperation Organization. (2026). Sources and method. kurds.global. https://kurds.global/language/sources/

Chicago

The Kurdish Cooperation Organization. 2026. “Sources and Method.” kurds.global. https://kurds.global/language/sources/.

BibTeX
@misc{kco2026_language_sources,
	author = {{The Kurdish Cooperation Organization}},
	year = {2026},
	note = {Licence: CC BY 4.0},
	title = {Sources and method},
	url = {https://kurds.global/language/sources/},
	howpublished = {https://kurds.global/language/sources/},
}

Download .bib

RIS
TY  - ELEC
AU  - The Kurdish Cooperation Organization
DA  - 2026///
PY  - 2026
ID  - kco2026_language_sou
N1  - Licence: CC BY 4.0
TI  - Sources and method
UR  - https://kurds.global/language/sources/
ER  -

Download .ris

Licence CC BY 4.0

05Research and sources

Recent and relevant work on this page’s subject, from approved open scholarly sources. Metadata and links only. Titles stay as published. Not yet reviewed.

  1. Kurdish and Persian: Dialects or Separate Languages?

    Mohammed Khalid Mahmood,, Ali Qadir Hama Rash,, Mohammed Amin Qadir Hama Rash, et al. · 2023 · Zenodo

    ArticleDataCiteZenodoOpen accessCC-BY-4.0

  2. Gorani: A Distinct and Independent Language Not a Variety of the So-called Kurdish

    Sayyed Mahdi Sadjadi · 2023 · International Journal of Language & Linguistics

    ArticleOpenAlexOpen accessCC-BY

  3. A Comparative Study of the Function of Modal Verbs in Persian and Kurdish Languages (case study: two contemporary Persian and Kurdish novels)

    Zaniar Naghshbandi, Fardin Hosseinpanahi · 2024 · پژوهشنامه ادبیات کردی

    ArticleDOAJOpen access

  4. The First Parallel Corpora for Kurdish Sign Language

    Zina Kamal, Hossein Hassani · 2023 · arXiv

    PreprintarXivOpen access

  5. Struggling against language shift: Kurdish language education in Turkey

    Anu Leinonen · 2022 · Kurdish Studies

    ArticleCrossref

  6. Proto-Kurdish: Historical Development and Linguistic Distinctiveness within the Northwestern Iranian Languages

    Marwan Hamay · 2025 · Zenodo

    ArticleDataCiteOpen accessCC-BY-4.0

  7. Dasinya: A dataset and preprocessing pipeline for the Badini Kurdish dialect.

    Saeed VA, Jacksi K · 2026 · Data Brief

    ArticleEurope PMCOpen access

  8. The Theories of standardization of language and Kurdish language

    Omar Ahmed Azeez · 2026 · Qalaai Zanist Scientific Journal

    ArticleOpenAlexOpen accessCC-BY

  9. Language and Speech Technology for Central Kurdish Varieties

    Sina Ahmadi, Daban Q. Jaff, Md Mahfuz Ibn Alam et al. · 2024 · arXiv

    PreprintarXivOpen access

  10. Kurdish Dialects and Neighbor Languages Automatic Recognition

    Abdulbasit K. Al-Talabani, Zrar K. Abdul, Azad A. Ameen · 2017 · ARO-The Scientific Journal of Koya University

    ArticleDOAJOpen access

  11. Optimizing Fake News Detection in Low-Resource Languages: A Comparative Study of Deep Learning Models Using Sentence-Level FastText Vectors in Kurdish and English

    Karim¹ AM, A.Hassn B · 2026 · Research Square

    PreprintEurope PMC

  12. Towards Machine Translation for the Kurdish Language

    Sina Ahmadi, Mariam Masoud · 2020 · arXiv

    PreprintarXivOpen access

Sources, licences and fetch dates: arXiv (Metadata CC0 1.0; papers under their own licences), 2026-10-23; Crossref (Metadata facts, any use; abstracts may be publisher-owned and are never shown), 2026-10-23; DataCite (CC0 1.0 (DataCite metadata)), 2026-10-23; DOAJ (Metadata CC0 1.0 (DOAJ); articles under their own open licences), 2026-10-23; Europe PMC (Metadata reusable; full text under each article’s licence), 2026-10-23; OpenAlex (CC0-1.0 data; metered API (free key)), 2026-10-23; Zenodo (Metadata CC0 1.0; each record under its own licence), 2026-10-23.

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