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The network’s peer-to-peer learning space, open to contributors of every background; it is not a university and grants no degrees. KCO’s peer-to-peer learning space, open to contributors of every background.

Memory and genocide studies

Anfal and Halabja

The Anfal campaign and the chemical attack on Halabja: what happened, how it is documented and remembered.

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Levels
Foundations, Scholar
Study time
12 h
Wave
1
Status
Outline drafted

At a glance

  • 6Modules
  • 12 hStudy time
  • 0Pathways
  • Foundations, ScholarLevels
Before you begin The Kurdish Cooperation Organization is a federation of communities that learn from one another. It is not a university, claims no public authority and serves no government, party or faith body.Contested subject

A set of lessons with an outline, written and reviewed by peers; it carries no academic credit. are written and reviewed by peers. A course plan with outcomes, modules and assessment, written before the lessons and reviewed before teaching starts. are A text awaiting review; it can change before it is used. until expert review.

In context

  • Contested subject This subject is contested. Every side is shown with its sources, and nothing here endorses a position.

How this course handles evidence

Every figure carries its measure, year, source and label. Unknown is shown as unknown.

Verified
A label: the item matches its primary record, such as the official table or the Crossref entry.
Secondary source
A label: the figure comes from a reliable report about the source, not from the source itself.
To verify
A label: the item is listed as found and still needs checking against its source.

Sources

Open scholarly records on this subject, from approved indexes. Listed for reference, not yet reviewed.

  1. Roshna Jamal Mohammed Amin (2023). Crime of Genocide, Stages of Implementation and Prevention of Anfal Genocide (Example of Yazidi Kurds). Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies. DOI 10.54809/jkss.vi10.344
  2. Roshna Jamal Mohammed Amin (2023). The crime of genocide, the stages of its implementation and prevention of the genocide of Anfal and the Yazidi Kurds, for example. Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies. DOI 10.54809/jkss.vi10.351
  3. Mari Toivanen, Bahar Baser (2019). Remembering the Past in Diasporic Spaces: Kurdish Reflections on Genocide Memorialization for Anfal. Genocide Studies International. DOI 10.3138/gsi.13.1.02
  4. Department of English Language Teaching, Tishk International University-Sulaimani, Sulaimani, 46001, Iraq, Atta Abdalwahid Ahmed, Marwan Mazhar Jafr et al. (2022). The Impact of Social Media on the Interaction Between Students and Teachers at the University of Halabja. Journal of Philology and Educational Sciences. DOI 10.53898/jpes2022113
  5. Kaziwa Salih (2023). Pillage as the Political Economy of the Kurdish Anfal Genocide. Genocide Studies and Prevention. DOI 10.5038/1911-9933.16.3.1909

Cite this page

Perspectives and disputes

Contested subjects show every side with sources. Nothing here endorses a position.

A map of the main positions, each with its own sources, is in preparation.

Report an error What we are and are not

01About this course

Who it is for
Adults and older students. Content includes mass violence; support resources are given in every module.
Format
Self-paced online with archival sources and testimony.
Study time
About 12 hours, estimated
Before you start
Nothing. Everyone is welcome.
Discipline
Memory and genocide studies

02What you will be able to do

  • Describe the events of 1986 to 1989 in order, from documented sources.
  • Explain how evidence was gathered, including captured state records and forensic work.
  • Compare how parliaments and courts have described the events.
  • Approach testimony with care and consent.

03Modules

  1. 01

    Before Anfal

    Iraq, the war with Iran and the Kurdish region.

  2. 02

    The campaign

    Its stages, from documented sources.

  3. 03

    Halabja, March 1988

    The chemical attack and its aftermath.

  4. 04

    Evidence and courts

    Records, exhumations and trials.

  5. 05

    Recognition

    How different states and bodies describe the events, with sources.

  6. 06

    Memory

    Survivors, memorials and teaching.

04Assessment and completion

A short essay comparing two sources, with a reflection on remembrance.

A A record of what was studied and assessed in a course or pathway; it is not a certificate or a qualification. shows what was studied and assessed. It is not a certificate or a qualification.

It shows
You finished the course and its assessment.
Scope
This course only. It is not an accredited qualification, a degree or a language certificate.
Validity
A permanent record of completion. It does not expire and is not renewed.
Withdrawal
Withdrawn if obtained by misrepresentation.
Not an endorsement
Completion does not mean KCO endorses you, your work or your views.
Charter roles
Roles under the charter have their own criteria, renewal and revocation rules.

05Your progress

Lessons, completion and your course A record that you completed a course or took part; it does not attest to competence for any role., kept for you.

Your progress

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Lessons completed
Published when the course opens
Course achievement
Not yet
Learning credits
12 on completion

Your progress shows here once this course opens for registration. Shown to you only.

06Who teaches it

Teachers are named here when the course opens.

  • Course lead

    Forming

    A teacher of the subject, named here when the course opens.

Outline review
A A group of practitioners of one field who work together on courses, standards and toolkits; the charter calls it a Standards area. in the Academy reviews the outline before teaching starts.
Teach with us
Offer to teach or review this course

07More from Memory and genocide studies

08Further reading

Suggested by open metadata, not yet reviewed.

  1. Crime of Genocide, Stages of Implementation and Prevention of Anfal Genocide (Example of Yazidi Kurds)

    Roshna Jamal Mohammed Amin · 2023 · Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies

    ArticleOpenAlexOpenAIREOpen accessCC-BY-NC-ND

  2. The crime of genocide, the stages of its implementation and prevention of the genocide of Anfal and the Yazidi Kurds, for example

    Roshna Jamal Mohammed Amin · 2023 · Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies

    ArticleOpenAlexOpenAIREOpen accessCC-BY-NC-ND

  3. Remembering the Past in Diasporic Spaces: Kurdish Reflections on Genocide Memorialization for Anfal

    Mari Toivanen, Bahar Baser · 2019 · Genocide Studies International

    ArticleOpenAIREOpen access

  4. The Impact of Social Media on the Interaction Between Students and Teachers at the University of Halabja

    Department of English Language Teaching, Tishk International University-Sulaimani, Sulaimani, 46001, Iraq, Atta Abdalwahid Ahmed, Marwan Mazhar Jafr et al. · 2022 · Journal of Philology and Educational Sciences

    ArticleCrossrefDOAJOpen access

  5. Pillage as the Political Economy of the Kurdish Anfal Genocide

    Kaziwa Salih · 2023 · Genocide Studies and Prevention

    ArticleOpenAIREOpen access

Sources, licences and fetch dates: Crossref (Metadata facts, any use; abstracts may be publisher-owned and are never shown), 2026-10-23; DOAJ (Metadata CC0 1.0 (DOAJ); articles under their own open licences), 2026-10-23; OpenAIRE (CC BY 4.0 (OpenAIRE Graph)), 2026-10-23; OpenAlex (CC0-1.0 data; metered API (free key)), 2026-10-23.

09Record

Every course is a public good. Its record follows the charter’s publication rules.

Version
0.1, draft outline
Review
Pending review by the responsible Community of practice
Handling
Public
Provenance
Drafted from the platform’s research dossier for scholarly review
Licence
CC BY 4.0
Corrections
Report an error
Use
Do not use this course or its completion to imply endorsement or political standing.
Cite this page
APA

The Kurdish Cooperation Organization. (2026). Anfal and Halabja. kurds.global. https://kurds.global/learn/catalogue/anfal-and-halabja/

Chicago

The Kurdish Cooperation Organization. 2026. “Anfal and Halabja.” kurds.global. https://kurds.global/learn/catalogue/anfal-and-halabja/.

BibTeX
@misc{kco2026_learn_catalogue_anfal_and_halabja,
	author = {{The Kurdish Cooperation Organization}},
	year = {2026},
	note = {Licence: CC BY 4.0},
	title = {Anfal and {Halabja}},
	url = {https://kurds.global/learn/catalogue/anfal-and-halabja/},
	howpublished = {https://kurds.global/learn/catalogue/anfal-and-halabja/},
}

Download .bib

RIS
TY  - ELEC
AU  - The Kurdish Cooperation Organization
DA  - 2026///
PY  - 2026
ID  - kco2026_learn_catalo
N1  - Licence: CC BY 4.0
TI  - Anfal and Halabja
UR  - https://kurds.global/learn/catalogue/anfal-and-halabja/
ER  -

Download .ris

Licence CC BY 4.0

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